Pathway Human Homo sapiens

tRNA Aminoacylation

R-HSA-379724 in Reactome release 97: under Translation, with 42 genes placed in it by the mapping files and 2 child pathways in the hierarchy.

The same number in the other species

Reactome writes the mouse and rat events it infers from a human pathway under the human number with the species token. A door opens only where that species' own list in this release holds the id: R-MMU-379724 (mouse), R-RNO-379724 (rat). Whether the event was inferred from this one is what the record says.

The record
The genes
Parents and children

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This page reads the pathway's record from its source while you read the rest; with scripts off the card stays at its loading line. Reload with scripts on to see it, or open the source's own page from the link in the card.

01The record

Reactome's own record of this pathway

What this tells you

The pathway list, the hierarchy and the genes on this page are read from the files Reactome publishes for Reactome release 97, built into this site on 2026-09-09: the pathway list, the hierarchy relationship file and the two gene mapping files. The record card is the one live read, Reactome's own record of this pathway.

Reactome's download page describes the mapping files: Mapping files link the source database identifier to the lowest level pathway diagram or subset of the pathway, all levels of the pathway hierarchy or database identifier to all reactions. [R13] The gene list here is the all-levels mapping of NCBI Gene ids, filled from the all-levels mapping of Ensembl ids where the NCBI file has no row for a gene; each row names which file it came from by the shape of its source id. Each row carries the evidence codes the file writes for it, as written and unranked, and both where the file writes both; no page of Reactome's documentation the survey read defines the codes, so this page does not expand them. A gene id the identity files do not name is kept as the source's own id with no door rather than turned into a symbol.

On citing what a search finds, Reactome says: It should be remembered that while we strive to contain the most current and accurate data, Reactome should not be used in citations where other primary sources of information are available. [R12] The record card prints the literature Reactome attaches to a curated pathway for that reason. The data are public domain: All data in the Reactome database and files derived from that data are licensed under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). User may copy, modify, and distribute these data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission. Attribution is encouraged but not required. [R10] The pathway illustrations are licensed apart, under CC BY 4.0, and none is shown here.

A gene on this list is one Reactome places in this pathway in this release, and that is all the row says: it does not say the gene is expressed in a tissue or associated with a disease, which are the other two explorers' questions, read from other sources. Reactome's papers of record are [R01] [R02].

[R01] Ragueneau E, Gong C, Sinquin P, Sevilla C, Beavers D, Grentner A, et al. (2026). The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026. Nucleic Acids Research 54:D673-D681. PMID 41251150, doi 10.1093/nar/gkaf1223.
[R02] Milacic M, Beavers D, Conley P, Gong C, Gillespie M, Griss J, et al. (2024). The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52:D672-D678. PMID 37941124, doi 10.1093/nar/gkad1025.
[R10] Reactome, reactome.org. License Agreement. https://reactome.org/license, read 2026-09-09.
[R12] Reactome, reactome.org. Citing us. https://reactome.org/cite, read 2026-09-09.
[R13] Reactome, reactome.org. Download. https://reactome.org/download-data, read 2026-09-09.

Stable id: R-HSA-379724.3
Class: Pathway
Species: Homo sapiens (human)
Inferred: no: a curated human pathway
Disease pathway: no
Released: 2008-12-17
Last updated: 2016-12-21
Events inside: 2, counted from the record

tRNA synthetases catalyze the ligation of tRNAs to their cognate amino acids in an ATP-dependent manner. The reaction proceeds in two steps. First, amino acid and ATP form an aminoacyl adenylate molecule, releasing pyrophosphate. The aminoacyl adenylate remains associated with the synthetase enzyme where, in the second step it reacts with tRNA to form aminoacyl tRNA and AMP. The rapid hydrolysis of pyrophosphate makes these reactions essentially irreversible under physiological conditions (Fersht and Kaethner 1976a). Specificity of the tRNA charging reactions is achieved both by specific recognition of amino acid and tRNA substrates by the synthetase, and by an editing process in which incorrect aminoacyl adenylate molecules (e.g., valyl adenylate associated with isoleucyl tRNA synthetase) are hydrolyzed rather than conjugated to tRNAs in the second step of the reaction (Baldwin and Berg 1966a,b; Fersht and Kaethner 1976b). The tRNA synthetases can be divided into two structural classes based on conserved amino acid sequence features (Burnbaum and Schimmel 1991).

A single synthetase mediates the charging of all of the tRNA species specific for any one amino acid but, with three exceptions, glycine, lysine, and glutamine, the synthetase that catalyzes aminoacylation of mitochondrial tRNAs is encoded by a different gene than the one that acts on mitochondrial tRNAs. Both mitochondrial and cytosolic tRNA synthetase enzymes are encoded by genes in the nuclear genome.

A number of tRNA synthetases are known to have functions distinct from tRNA charging (reviewed by Park et al. 2005). Additionally, mutations in several of the tRNA synthetases, often affecting protein domains that are dispensable in vitro for aminoacyl tRNA synthesis, are associated with a diverse array of neurological and other diseases (Antonellis and Green 2008; Park et al. 2008). These findings raise interest into the role of these enzymes in human development and disease.

Literature Reactome attaches

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases and their connections to diseaseProc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2008, vol. 105, p. 11043-9PubMed 18682559
Enzyme hyperspecificity. Rejection of threonine by the valyl-tRNA synthetase by misacylation and hydrolytic editingBiochemistry, 1976, vol. 15, p. 3342-6PubMed 182209
Functional expansion of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and their interacting factors: new perspectives on housekeepersTrends Biochem Sci, 2005, vol. 30, p. 569-74PubMed 16125937
Mechanism of aminoacylation of tRNA. Proof of the aminoacyl adenylate pathway for the isoleucyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases from Escherichia coli K12Biochemistry, 1976, vol. 15, p. 818-23PubMed 764868
Purification and properties of isoleucyl ribonucleic acid synthetase from Escherichia coliJ Biol Chem, 1966, vol. 241, p. 831-8PubMed 5324172
Structural relationships and the classification of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetasesJ Biol Chem, 1991, vol. 266, p. 16965-8PubMed 1894595
The role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in genetic diseasesAnnu Rev Genomics Hum Genet, 2008, vol. 9, p. 87-107PubMed 18767960
Transfer ribonucleic acid-induced hydrolysis of valyladenylate bound to isoleucyl ribonucleic acid synthetaseJ Biol Chem, 1966, vol. 241, p. 839-45PubMed 5324173

Reactome's record lists 14 orthologous events, R-RNO-379724 (Rattus norvegicus), R-MMU-379724 (Mus musculus) among the species this site serves, and 12 in species this site opens no page for.

Reactome ContentService, this pathway's record · Reactome v97 · read 2026-10-01 ET · Reactome pathway browser"tRNA Aminoacylation". Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-379724 with StableID: R-HSA-379724.3 (accessed 2026-10-01 ET). Reactome version 97 (CC0).

Reading this pathway's record from Reactome (the pathway record).Still reading. A first read of a pathway can take a while; this page waits up to 35 seconds for it, and its scripts then bring in the panel, or a line saying what did not arrive.

02The genes

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

The mapping files place 42 genes in this human pathway; showing 1 to 42, in pages of 100, sorted by symbol for reading. The order carries no ranking.

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway, page 1 of 1
Gene	Authority id	Mapping file id	Evidence codes
GeneAARS1	AuthorityHGNC:20	Mapping file id16 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneAARS2	AuthorityHGNC:21022	Mapping file id57505 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneAIMP1	AuthorityHGNC:10648	Mapping file id9255 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneAIMP2	AuthorityHGNC:20609	Mapping file id7965 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCARS1	AuthorityHGNC:1493	Mapping file id833 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCARS2	AuthorityHGNC:25695	Mapping file id79587 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneDARS1	AuthorityHGNC:2678	Mapping file id1615 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneDARS2	AuthorityHGNC:25538	Mapping file id55157 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneEARS2	AuthorityHGNC:29419	Mapping file id124454 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneEEF1E1	AuthorityHGNC:3212	Mapping file id9521 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneEPRS1	AuthorityHGNC:3418	Mapping file id2058 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneFARS2	AuthorityHGNC:21062	Mapping file id10667 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneFARSA	AuthorityHGNC:3592	Mapping file id2193 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneFARSB	AuthorityHGNC:17800	Mapping file id10056 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneGARS1	AuthorityHGNC:4162	Mapping file id2617 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneHARS1	AuthorityHGNC:4816	Mapping file id3035 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneHARS2	AuthorityHGNC:4817	Mapping file id23438 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneIARS1	AuthorityHGNC:5330	Mapping file id3376 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneIARS2	AuthorityHGNC:29685	Mapping file id55699 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneKARS1	AuthorityHGNC:6215	Mapping file id3735 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLARS1	AuthorityHGNC:6512	Mapping file id51520 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLARS2	AuthorityHGNC:17095	Mapping file id23395 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMARS1	AuthorityHGNC:6898	Mapping file id4141 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMARS2	AuthorityHGNC:25133	Mapping file id92935 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneNARS1	AuthorityHGNC:7643	Mapping file id4677 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneNARS2	AuthorityHGNC:26274	Mapping file id79731 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GenePARS2	AuthorityHGNC:30563	Mapping file id25973 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GenePPA1	AuthorityHGNC:9226	Mapping file id5464 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePPA2	AuthorityHGNC:28883	Mapping file id27068 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneQARS1	AuthorityHGNC:9751	Mapping file id5859 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRARS1	AuthorityHGNC:9870	Mapping file id5917 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRARS2	AuthorityHGNC:21406	Mapping file id57038 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSARS1	AuthorityHGNC:10537	Mapping file id6301 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSARS2	AuthorityHGNC:17697	Mapping file id54938 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneTARS1	AuthorityHGNC:11572	Mapping file id6897 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneTARS2	AuthorityHGNC:30740	Mapping file id80222 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneVARS1	AuthorityHGNC:12651	Mapping file id7407 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneVARS2	AuthorityHGNC:21642	Mapping file id57176 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneWARS1	AuthorityHGNC:12729	Mapping file id7453 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneWARS2	AuthorityHGNC:12730	Mapping file id10352 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneYARS1	AuthorityHGNC:12840	Mapping file id8565 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneYARS2	AuthorityHGNC:24249	Mapping file id51067 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS

Evidence codes on this page: IEA, TAS, as the mapping file writes them; a row carrying two was written twice by the file, once under each. The mapping file id says which file placed the gene: an NCBI Gene id from NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt, an Ensembl gene id from Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt. The two files can disagree about a code, so a row's codes are the one file's view. Measured by this site's build over this release on 2026-09-09: of the 138,908 human pathway-gene pairs both files place, 207 (0.149 per cent, over 47 genes) carry TAS in the Ensembl file where the NCBI rows carry IEA alone.

Reactome mapping files, the human rows for this pathway · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt" and "Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

03The hierarchy

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Parents

TranslationR-HSA-72766368 genes

Children

Reactome's hierarchy is a graph rather than a tree: a pathway can sit under more than one parent, and the gene counts are each pathway's own placements at every level under it, so a parent's count is not the sum of its children's.

Reactome, the human pathway list and hierarchy relationship file · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"ReactomePathways.txt" and "ReactomePathwaysRelation.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.