Pathway Human Homo sapiens

Infection with Enterobacteria

R-HSA-9640148 in Reactome release 97: under Bacterial Infection Pathways, with 173 genes placed in it by the mapping files and 5 child pathways in the hierarchy.

The same number in the other species

Reactome writes the mouse and rat events it infers from a human pathway under the human number with the species token. A door opens only where that species' own list in this release holds the id; neither of the other two lists holds it. Whether the event was inferred from this one is what the record says.

The record
The genes
Parents and children

Scripts are off

This page reads the pathway's record from its source while you read the rest; with scripts off the card stays at its loading line. Reload with scripts on to see it, or open the source's own page from the link in the card.

01The record

Reactome's own record of this pathway

What this tells you

The pathway list, the hierarchy and the genes on this page are read from the files Reactome publishes for Reactome release 97, built into this site on 2026-09-09: the pathway list, the hierarchy relationship file and the two gene mapping files. The record card is the one live read, Reactome's own record of this pathway.

Reactome's download page describes the mapping files: Mapping files link the source database identifier to the lowest level pathway diagram or subset of the pathway, all levels of the pathway hierarchy or database identifier to all reactions. [R13] The gene list here is the all-levels mapping of NCBI Gene ids, filled from the all-levels mapping of Ensembl ids where the NCBI file has no row for a gene; each row names which file it came from by the shape of its source id. Each row carries the evidence codes the file writes for it, as written and unranked, and both where the file writes both; no page of Reactome's documentation the survey read defines the codes, so this page does not expand them. A gene id the identity files do not name is kept as the source's own id with no door rather than turned into a symbol.

On citing what a search finds, Reactome says: It should be remembered that while we strive to contain the most current and accurate data, Reactome should not be used in citations where other primary sources of information are available. [R12] The record card prints the literature Reactome attaches to a curated pathway for that reason. The data are public domain: All data in the Reactome database and files derived from that data are licensed under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). User may copy, modify, and distribute these data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission. Attribution is encouraged but not required. [R10] The pathway illustrations are licensed apart, under CC BY 4.0, and none is shown here.

A gene on this list is one Reactome places in this pathway in this release, and that is all the row says: it does not say the gene is expressed in a tissue or associated with a disease, which are the other two explorers' questions, read from other sources. Reactome's papers of record are [R01] [R02].

[R01] Ragueneau E, Gong C, Sinquin P, Sevilla C, Beavers D, Grentner A, et al. (2026). The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026. Nucleic Acids Research 54:D673-D681. PMID 41251150, doi 10.1093/nar/gkaf1223.
[R02] Milacic M, Beavers D, Conley P, Gong C, Gillespie M, Griss J, et al. (2024). The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52:D672-D678. PMID 37941124, doi 10.1093/nar/gkad1025.
[R10] Reactome, reactome.org. License Agreement. https://reactome.org/license, read 2026-09-09.
[R12] Reactome, reactome.org. Citing us. https://reactome.org/cite, read 2026-09-09.
[R13] Reactome, reactome.org. Download. https://reactome.org/download-data, read 2026-09-09.

Stable id: R-HSA-9640148.3
Class: Pathway
Species: Homo sapiens (human)
Inferred: no: a curated human pathway
Disease pathway: yes, as Reactome flags it
Released: 2025-06-18
Events inside: 5, counted from the record

Colonization of the gut with members of the Enterobacteriaceae family is unavoidable, as is the subsequent translocation to the urogenital tract. Infection is caused by strains with the ability to invade tissue, or when toxins are secreted. According to the WHO there are 4.5 billion cases of infection with enterobacteria every year, of which 1.9 million end in death, a number that would be much higher without antibiotics. Pneumonia and blood stream infections have the highest mortality. Gut bacteria translocate to and establish themselves in the airways by aspiration, hematogenous spread, or extension from adjacent infected structures, such as the sinuses or pleural space (W. Lee Hand & J. W. Smith, Immunology of Enterobacterial Infections; Chapter 10 in Immunology of Human Infection I, ed. A.J. Nahmias & R.J. O'Reilly, Springer Science & Business Media 2013; Hui, Leung & Padwal, Approach to Internal Medicine: A Resource Book for Clinical Practice, Edition 4, Springer 2015; Calderaro et al., 2022). As part of the environment and the gut microbiome, most members of the Enterobacteriaceae family are harmless. Pathogenic strains differ from commensals in having specific additional functions, like producing toxins and enzymes that destroy cells. They also defend themselves against the human immune system and antibiotics by the expression or overexpression of, e.g., siderophores, beta-lactamases, and fimbriae that allow them to hook onto suitable tissue and construct hard to remove biofilms. This makes enterobacteria the leading cause of diarrhea, urinary tract infection, and pneumonia, but also septicemia, peritonitis, meningitis, and device-associated infections (Ronald, 2002; O'Hara et al., 2000; Bidet et al., 2012; Pitout, 2012). Through extensive exchange of genetic information on mobile elements like plasmids and the simultaneous global use of antibiotics, strains have emerged that are difficult to treat (Su et al. 2007, Sedláková et al. 2014, Sheu et al. 2019, Sampaio & Gales 2016).

Literature Reactome attaches

Immunology of Enterobacterial Infections2013
Approach to Internal Medicine: A Resource Book for Clinical Practice, Edition 42015
The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogensAm. J. Med., 2002, vol. 113, p. 14S-19SPubMed 12113867
Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and MorganellaClin. Microbiol. Rev., 2000, vol. 13, p. 534-46PubMed 11023955
An epidemic of plasmids? Dissemination of extended-spectrum cephalosporinases among Salmonella and other EnterobacteriaceaeFEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 2008, vol. 52, p. 155-68PubMed 18093140
Infections Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>: An Update on Therapeutic OptionsFront Microbiol, 2019, vol. 10, p. 80PubMed 30761114
Antibiotic consumption and its influence on the resistance in EnterobacteriaceaeBMC Res Notes, 2014, vol. 7, p. 454PubMed 25027417
Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil: focus on β-lactams and polymyxinsBraz. J. Microbiol., 2016, vol. 47, p. 31-37PubMed 27825605
[Virulence factors and pathophysiology of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli]Arch Pediatr, 2012, vol. 19, p. S80-92PubMed 23178140
Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Combination of Virulence with Antibiotic ResistanceFront Microbiol, 2012, vol. 3, p. 9PubMed 22294983
Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based AssaysMicroorganisms, 2022, vol. 10PubMed 36144458

Reactome ContentService, this pathway's record · Reactome v97 · read 2026-10-02 ET · Reactome pathway browser"Infection with Enterobacteria". Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-9640148 with StableID: R-HSA-9640148.3 (accessed 2026-10-02 ET). Reactome version 97 (CC0).

Reading this pathway's record from Reactome (the pathway record).Still reading. A first read of a pathway can take a while; this page waits up to 35 seconds for it, and its scripts then bring in the panel, or a line saying what did not arrive.

02The genes

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

The mapping files place 173 genes in this human pathway; showing 1 to 100, in pages of 100, sorted by symbol for reading. The order carries no ranking. 60 of the rows shown carry an id the identity file does not name, kept as the source wrote it.

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway, page 1 of 2
Gene	Authority id	Mapping file id	Evidence codes
GeneCALM1	AuthorityHGNC:1442	Mapping file id801 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCALM2	AuthorityHGNC:1445	Mapping file id805 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCALM3	AuthorityHGNC:1449	Mapping file id808 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCASP4	AuthorityHGNC:1505	Mapping file id837 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCOL4A1	AuthorityHGNC:2202	Mapping file id1282 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCOL4A2	AuthorityHGNC:2203	Mapping file id1284 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCOL4A3	AuthorityHGNC:2204	Mapping file id1285 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCOL4A4	AuthorityHGNC:2206	Mapping file id1286 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCOL4A5	AuthorityHGNC:2207	Mapping file id1287 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCOL4A6	AuthorityHGNC:2208	Mapping file id1288 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCOL5A1	AuthorityHGNC:2209	Mapping file id1289 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCOL5A2	AuthorityHGNC:2210	Mapping file id1290 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCOL5A3	AuthorityHGNC:14864	Mapping file id50509 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneEPCAM	AuthorityHGNC:11529	Mapping file id4072 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneFN1	AuthorityHGNC:3778	Mapping file id2335 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneGBP1	AuthorityHGNC:4182	Mapping file id2633 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneGBP2	AuthorityHGNC:4183	Mapping file id2634 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneGBP3	AuthorityHGNC:4184	Mapping file id2635 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneGBP4	AuthorityHGNC:20480	Mapping file id115361 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneGBP6	AuthorityHGNC:25395	Mapping file id163351 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneHBA1	AuthorityHGNC:4823	Mapping file id3039 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneHBA2	AuthorityHGNC:4824	Mapping file id3040 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneHBB	AuthorityHGNC:4827	Mapping file id3043 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMA1	AuthorityHGNC:6481	Mapping file id284217 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMA2	AuthorityHGNC:6482	Mapping file id3908 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMA3	AuthorityHGNC:6483	Mapping file id3909 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMA4	AuthorityHGNC:6484	Mapping file id3910 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMA5	AuthorityHGNC:6485	Mapping file id3911 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMB1	AuthorityHGNC:6486	Mapping file id3912 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMB2	AuthorityHGNC:6487	Mapping file id3913 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMB3	AuthorityHGNC:6490	Mapping file id3914 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMC1	AuthorityHGNC:6492	Mapping file id3915 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMC2	AuthorityHGNC:6493	Mapping file id3918 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLAMC3	AuthorityHGNC:6494	Mapping file id10319 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRPS27A	AuthorityHGNC:10417	Mapping file id6233 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneUBA52	AuthorityHGNC:12458	Mapping file id7311 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneUBB	AuthorityHGNC:12463	Mapping file id7314 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneUBC	AuthorityHGNC:12468	Mapping file id7316 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneUBE2D2	AuthorityHGNC:12475	Mapping file id7322 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneUPK1A	AuthorityHGNC:12577	Mapping file id11045 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id1238024 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id1238048 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id300072994 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id67173851 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id67174233 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id67174341 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id67175013 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id67175465 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id67175887 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75170052 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75170406 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75170480 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75170481 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75170592 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75173723 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75173734 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75173735 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75173738 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75201984 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75201990 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75201991 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75201993 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75202887 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75202888 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75203446 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75203630 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id75206476 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id76523816 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id84667473 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id86948491 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id89518018 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id89519135 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id912778 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id912835 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id912903 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id913843 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93248072 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93521454 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93774466 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93774491 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93774661 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93776131 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93776132 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93776392 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93777247 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93777248 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93777263 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93777336 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93777382 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93777542 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93777674 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93777913 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93778077 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93778271 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93778440 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93778590 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93778806 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93778958 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93778981 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id93778982 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS

Evidence codes on this page: TAS, as the mapping file writes them; a row carrying two was written twice by the file, once under each. The mapping file id says which file placed the gene: an NCBI Gene id from NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt, an Ensembl gene id from Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt. The two files can disagree about a code, so a row's codes are the one file's view. Measured by this site's build over this release on 2026-09-09: of the 138,908 human pathway-gene pairs both files place, 207 (0.149 per cent, over 47 genes) carry TAS in the Ensembl file where the NCBI rows carry IEA alone.

Reactome mapping files, the human rows for this pathway · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt" and "Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

03The hierarchy

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Parents

Bacterial Infection PathwaysR-HSA-9824439332 genes

Children

Reactome's hierarchy is a graph rather than a tree: a pathway can sit under more than one parent, and the gene counts are each pathway's own placements at every level under it, so a parent's count is not the sum of its children's.

Reactome, the human pathway list and hierarchy relationship file · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"ReactomePathways.txt" and "ReactomePathwaysRelation.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.