Pathway Human Homo sapiens

Maturation of spike protein

R-HSA-9694548 in Reactome release 97: under Translation of Structural Proteins, with 42 genes placed in it by the mapping files and 0 child pathways in the hierarchy.

The same number in the other species

Reactome writes the mouse and rat events it infers from a human pathway under the human number with the species token. A door opens only where that species' own list in this release holds the id; neither of the other two lists holds it. Whether the event was inferred from this one is what the record says.

The record
The genes
Parents and children

Scripts are off

This page reads the pathway's record from its source while you read the rest; with scripts off the card stays at its loading line. Reload with scripts on to see it, or open the source's own page from the link in the card.

01The record

Reactome's own record of this pathway

What this tells you

The pathway list, the hierarchy and the genes on this page are read from the files Reactome publishes for Reactome release 97, built into this site on 2026-09-09: the pathway list, the hierarchy relationship file and the two gene mapping files. The record card is the one live read, Reactome's own record of this pathway.

Reactome's download page describes the mapping files: Mapping files link the source database identifier to the lowest level pathway diagram or subset of the pathway, all levels of the pathway hierarchy or database identifier to all reactions. [R13] The gene list here is the all-levels mapping of NCBI Gene ids, filled from the all-levels mapping of Ensembl ids where the NCBI file has no row for a gene; each row names which file it came from by the shape of its source id. Each row carries the evidence codes the file writes for it, as written and unranked, and both where the file writes both; no page of Reactome's documentation the survey read defines the codes, so this page does not expand them. A gene id the identity files do not name is kept as the source's own id with no door rather than turned into a symbol.

On citing what a search finds, Reactome says: It should be remembered that while we strive to contain the most current and accurate data, Reactome should not be used in citations where other primary sources of information are available. [R12] The record card prints the literature Reactome attaches to a curated pathway for that reason. The data are public domain: All data in the Reactome database and files derived from that data are licensed under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). User may copy, modify, and distribute these data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission. Attribution is encouraged but not required. [R10] The pathway illustrations are licensed apart, under CC BY 4.0, and none is shown here.

A gene on this list is one Reactome places in this pathway in this release, and that is all the row says: it does not say the gene is expressed in a tissue or associated with a disease, which are the other two explorers' questions, read from other sources. Reactome's papers of record are [R01] [R02].

[R01] Ragueneau E, Gong C, Sinquin P, Sevilla C, Beavers D, Grentner A, et al. (2026). The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026. Nucleic Acids Research 54:D673-D681. PMID 41251150, doi 10.1093/nar/gkaf1223.
[R02] Milacic M, Beavers D, Conley P, Gong C, Gillespie M, Griss J, et al. (2024). The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52:D672-D678. PMID 37941124, doi 10.1093/nar/gkad1025.
[R10] Reactome, reactome.org. License Agreement. https://reactome.org/license, read 2026-09-09.
[R12] Reactome, reactome.org. Citing us. https://reactome.org/cite, read 2026-09-09.
[R13] Reactome, reactome.org. Download. https://reactome.org/download-data, read 2026-09-09.

Stable id: R-HSA-9694548.5
Class: Pathway
Species: Homo sapiens (human)
Inferred: yes
Disease pathway: yes, as Reactome flags it
Released: 2020-09-15
Last updated: 2022-09-14
Events inside: 12, counted from the record

Reactome's caveat

The electronically inferred reactions presented in Reactome are thus not data, but hypotheses useful to direct the design of confirmatory experiments.
Reactome, on its computationally inferred events.

This COVID-19 pathway has been created by a combination of computational inference from SARS-CoV-1 data (https://reactome.org/documentation/inferred-events) and manual curation, as described in the summation for the overall SARS-CoV-2 infection pathway.

The viral Spike protein of SARS-CoV-1 is subject to N-glycosylation and palmitoylation. The chaperone calnexin exclusively helps with protein folding. The end product is a homotrimer (Nal et al, 2005). In SARS-CoV-2 the Spike glycosylation patterns were extensively characterized, and consist of both N-glycans and O-glycans attached to about twenty amino acids (reviewed by Petrović et al, 2021; Gong et al, 2021; Shajahan et al, 2021). Although there is no reason for the host's glycosylation enzymes behaving differently than with other host or non-host proteins, direct involvement of host enzymes and chaperones with SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycosylation has not been shown. Indirect evidence from inhibition experiments (Reyes et al, 2021; Franco et al, 2022) is confounded by simultaneous inhibition of glycosylation of other proteins like the ACE2 receptor.

Literature Reactome attaches

Differential maturation and subcellular localization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus surface proteins S, M and EJ. Gen. Virol., 2005, vol. 86, p. 1423-1434PubMed 15831954
The Importance of Glycosylation in COVID-19 InfectionAdv Exp Med Biol, 2021, vol. 1325, p. 239-264PubMed 34495539
The glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 and its receptor ACE2Signal Transduct Target Ther, 2021, vol. 6, p. 396PubMed 34782609
Glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2: structural and functional insightsAnal Bioanal Chem, 2021, vol. 413, p. 7179-7193PubMed 34235568
Glucosidase inhibitors suppress SARS-CoV-2 in tissue culture and may potentiate
UV-4B potently inhibits replication of multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains in clinically relevant human cell lines

Reactome ContentService, this pathway's record · Reactome v97 · read 2026-10-06 ET · Reactome pathway browser"Maturation of spike protein". Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-9694548 with StableID: R-HSA-9694548.5 (accessed 2026-10-06 ET). Reactome version 97 (CC0).

Reading this pathway's record from Reactome (the pathway record).Still reading. A first read of a pathway can take a while; this page waits up to 35 seconds for it, and its scripts then bring in the panel, or a line saying what did not arrive.

02The genes

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

The mapping files place 42 genes in this human pathway; showing 1 to 42, in pages of 100, sorted by symbol for reading. The order carries no ranking. 1 of the rows shown carries an id the identity file does not name, kept as the source wrote it.

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway, page 1 of 1
Gene	Authority id	Mapping file id	Evidence codes
GeneCANX	AuthorityHGNC:1473	Mapping file id821 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneDAD1	AuthorityHGNC:2664	Mapping file id1603 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneDDOST	AuthorityHGNC:2728	Mapping file id1650 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneEDEM2	AuthorityHGNC:15877	Mapping file id55741 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneFUT8	AuthorityHGNC:4019	Mapping file id2530 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneGANAB	AuthorityHGNC:4138	Mapping file id23193 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneGOLGA7	AuthorityHGNC:24876	Mapping file id51125 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMAGT1	AuthorityHGNC:28880	Mapping file id84061 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMAN1B1	AuthorityHGNC:6823	Mapping file id11253 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMAN2A1	AuthorityHGNC:6824	Mapping file id4124 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMGAT1	AuthorityHGNC:7044	Mapping file id4245 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMGAT2	AuthorityHGNC:7045	Mapping file id4247 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMGAT4A	AuthorityHGNC:7047	Mapping file id11320 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMGAT4B	AuthorityHGNC:7048	Mapping file id11282 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMGAT4C	AuthorityHGNC:30871	Mapping file id25834 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMGAT5	AuthorityHGNC:7049	Mapping file id4249 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMOGS	AuthorityHGNC:24862	Mapping file id7841 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneOST4	AuthorityHGNC:32483	Mapping file id100128731 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneOSTC	AuthorityHGNC:24448	Mapping file id58505 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKCSH	AuthorityHGNC:9411	Mapping file id5589 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRPN1	AuthorityHGNC:10381	Mapping file id6184 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRPN2	AuthorityHGNC:10382	Mapping file id6185 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneST3GAL1	AuthorityHGNC:10862	Mapping file id6482 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneST3GAL2	AuthorityHGNC:10863	Mapping file id6483 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneST3GAL3	AuthorityHGNC:10866	Mapping file id6487 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneST3GAL4	AuthorityHGNC:10864	Mapping file id6484 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneST6GAL1	AuthorityHGNC:10860	Mapping file id6480 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneST6GALNAC2	AuthorityHGNC:10867	Mapping file id10610 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneST6GALNAC3	AuthorityHGNC:19343	Mapping file id256435 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneST6GALNAC4	AuthorityHGNC:17846	Mapping file id27090 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTT3A	AuthorityHGNC:6172	Mapping file id3703 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTT3B	AuthorityHGNC:30611	Mapping file id201595 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneTMEM258	AuthorityHGNC:1164	Mapping file id746 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneTUSC3	AuthorityHGNC:30242	Mapping file id7991 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC11	AuthorityHGNC:19158	Mapping file id79844 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC2	AuthorityHGNC:18469	Mapping file id51201 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC20	AuthorityHGNC:20749	Mapping file id253832 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC3	AuthorityHGNC:18470	Mapping file id51304 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC5	AuthorityHGNC:18472	Mapping file id25921 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC8	AuthorityHGNC:18474	Mapping file id29801 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC9	AuthorityHGNC:18475	Mapping file id51114 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id43740568 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS

Evidence codes on this page: IEA, TAS, as the mapping file writes them; a row carrying two was written twice by the file, once under each. The mapping file id says which file placed the gene: an NCBI Gene id from NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt, an Ensembl gene id from Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt. The two files can disagree about a code, so a row's codes are the one file's view. Measured by this site's build over this release on 2026-09-09: of the 138,908 human pathway-gene pairs both files place, 207 (0.149 per cent, over 47 genes) carry TAS in the Ensembl file where the NCBI rows carry IEA alone.

Reactome mapping files, the human rows for this pathway · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt" and "Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

03The hierarchy

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Parents

Translation of Structural ProteinsR-HSA-969463567 genes

Children

None: no pathway of this release's list names this one as a parent.

Reactome's hierarchy is a graph rather than a tree: a pathway can sit under more than one parent, and the gene counts are each pathway's own placements at every level under it, so a parent's count is not the sum of its children's.

Reactome, the human pathway list and hierarchy relationship file · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"ReactomePathways.txt" and "ReactomePathwaysRelation.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.