Pathway Human Homo sapiens

Myogenesis

R-HSA-525793 in Reactome release 97: under Developmental Biology, with 30 genes placed in it by the mapping files and 0 child pathways in the hierarchy.

The same number in the other species

Reactome writes the mouse and rat events it infers from a human pathway under the human number with the species token. A door opens only where that species' own list in this release holds the id: R-MMU-525793 (mouse), R-RNO-525793 (rat). Whether the event was inferred from this one is what the record says.

The record
The genes
Parents and children

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This page reads the pathway's record from its source while you read the rest; with scripts off the card stays at its loading line. Reload with scripts on to see it, or open the source's own page from the link in the card.

01The record

Reactome's own record of this pathway

What this tells you

The pathway list, the hierarchy and the genes on this page are read from the files Reactome publishes for Reactome release 97, built into this site on 2026-09-09: the pathway list, the hierarchy relationship file and the two gene mapping files. The record card is the one live read, Reactome's own record of this pathway.

Reactome's download page describes the mapping files: Mapping files link the source database identifier to the lowest level pathway diagram or subset of the pathway, all levels of the pathway hierarchy or database identifier to all reactions. [R13] The gene list here is the all-levels mapping of NCBI Gene ids, filled from the all-levels mapping of Ensembl ids where the NCBI file has no row for a gene; each row names which file it came from by the shape of its source id. Each row carries the evidence codes the file writes for it, as written and unranked, and both where the file writes both; no page of Reactome's documentation the survey read defines the codes, so this page does not expand them. A gene id the identity files do not name is kept as the source's own id with no door rather than turned into a symbol.

On citing what a search finds, Reactome says: It should be remembered that while we strive to contain the most current and accurate data, Reactome should not be used in citations where other primary sources of information are available. [R12] The record card prints the literature Reactome attaches to a curated pathway for that reason. The data are public domain: All data in the Reactome database and files derived from that data are licensed under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). User may copy, modify, and distribute these data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission. Attribution is encouraged but not required. [R10] The pathway illustrations are licensed apart, under CC BY 4.0, and none is shown here.

A gene on this list is one Reactome places in this pathway in this release, and that is all the row says: it does not say the gene is expressed in a tissue or associated with a disease, which are the other two explorers' questions, read from other sources. Reactome's papers of record are [R01] [R02].

[R01] Ragueneau E, Gong C, Sinquin P, Sevilla C, Beavers D, Grentner A, et al. (2026). The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026. Nucleic Acids Research 54:D673-D681. PMID 41251150, doi 10.1093/nar/gkaf1223.
[R02] Milacic M, Beavers D, Conley P, Gong C, Gillespie M, Griss J, et al. (2024). The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52:D672-D678. PMID 37941124, doi 10.1093/nar/gkad1025.
[R10] Reactome, reactome.org. License Agreement. https://reactome.org/license, read 2026-09-09.
[R12] Reactome, reactome.org. Citing us. https://reactome.org/cite, read 2026-09-09.
[R13] Reactome, reactome.org. Download. https://reactome.org/download-data, read 2026-09-09.

Stable id: R-HSA-525793.4
Class: Pathway
Species: Homo sapiens (human)
Inferred: no: a curated human pathway
Disease pathway: no
Released: 2010-03-16
Last updated: 2019-03-25
Events inside: 14, counted from the record

Myogenesis, the formation of muscle tissue, is a complex process involving steps of cell proliferation mediated by growth factor signaling, cell differentiation, reorganization of cells to form myotubes, and cell fusion. Here, one regulatory feature of this process has been annotated, the signaling cascade initiated by CDO (cell-adhesion-molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes) and associated co-receptors.

CDO/Cdon is a type I transmembrane multifunctional co-receptor consisting of five immunoglobulin and three fibronectin type III (FNIII) repeats in the extracellular domain, and an intracellular domain with no identifiable motifs. It has been implicated in enhancing muscle differentiation in promyogenic cells. CDO exert its promyogenic effects as a component of multiprotein complexes that include the closely related factor Boc, the Ig superfamily receptor neogenin and its ligand netrin-3, and the adhesion molecules N- and M-cadherin. CDO modulates the Cdc42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via a direct association with two scaffold-type proteins, JLP and Bnip-2, to regulate activities of myogenic bHLH factors and myogenic differentiation. CDO activates myogenic bHLH factors via enhanced heterodimer formation, most likely by inducing hyper-phosphorylation of E proteins.

Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are master regulatory proteins that activate the transcription of many muscle-specific genes during myogenesis. These myogenic bHLH proteins also referred to as MyoD family includes four members, MyoD, myogenin, myf5 and MRF4. These myogenic factors dimerize with E-proteins such as E12/E47, ITF-2 and HEB to form heterodimeric complexes that bind to a conserved DNA sequence known as the E box, which is present in the promoters and enhancers of most muscle-specific genes. Myocyte enhancer binding factor 2 (MEF2), which is a member of the MADS box family, also plays an important role in muscle differentiation. MEF2 activates transcription by binding to the consensus sequence, called the MEF2-binding site, which is also found in the control regions of numerous muscle-specific genes. MEF2 and myogenic bHLH proteins synergistically activate expression of muscle-specific genes via protein-protein interactions between DNA-binding domains of these heterologous classes of transcription factors. Members of the MyoD and MEF2 family of transcription factors associate combinatorially to control myoblast specification, differentiation and proliferation.

Literature Reactome attaches

Close encounters: regulation of vertebrate skeletal myogenesis by cell-cell contactJ Cell Sci, 2005, vol. 118, p. 2355-62PubMed 15923648

Reactome's record lists 13 orthologous events, R-RNO-525793 (Rattus norvegicus), R-MMU-525793 (Mus musculus) among the species this site serves, and 11 in species this site opens no page for.

Reactome ContentService, this pathway's record · Reactome v97 · read 2026-10-02 ET · Reactome pathway browser"Myogenesis". Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-525793 with StableID: R-HSA-525793.4 (accessed 2026-10-02 ET). Reactome version 97 (CC0).

Reading this pathway's record from Reactome (the pathway record).Still reading. A first read of a pathway can take a while; this page waits up to 35 seconds for it, and its scripts then bring in the panel, or a line saying what did not arrive.

02The genes

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

The mapping files place 30 genes in this human pathway; showing 1 to 30, in pages of 100, sorted by symbol for reading. The order carries no ranking.

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway, page 1 of 1
Gene	Authority id	Mapping file id	Evidence codes
GeneABL1	AuthorityHGNC:76	Mapping file id25 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneBNIP2	AuthorityHGNC:1083	Mapping file id663 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneBOC	AuthorityHGNC:17173	Mapping file id91653 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneBORCS8-MEF2B	AuthorityHGNC:39979	Mapping file id4207 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneCDC42	AuthorityHGNC:1736	Mapping file id998 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneCDH15	AuthorityHGNC:1754	Mapping file id1013 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneCDH2	AuthorityHGNC:1759	Mapping file id1000 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneCDH4	AuthorityHGNC:1763	Mapping file id1002 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneCDON	AuthorityHGNC:17104	Mapping file id50937 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneCTNNA1	AuthorityHGNC:2509	Mapping file id1495 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneCTNNA2	AuthorityHGNC:2510	Mapping file id1496 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneCTNNB1	AuthorityHGNC:2514	Mapping file id1499 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMAP2K6	AuthorityHGNC:6846	Mapping file id5608 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneMAPK11	AuthorityHGNC:6873	Mapping file id5600 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMAPK12	AuthorityHGNC:6874	Mapping file id6300 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMAPK14	AuthorityHGNC:6876	Mapping file id1432 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMEF2A	AuthorityHGNC:6993	Mapping file id4205 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMEF2B	AuthorityHGNC:6995	Mapping file id100271849 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMEF2C	AuthorityHGNC:6996	Mapping file id4208 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMEF2D	AuthorityHGNC:6997	Mapping file id4209 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMYF5	AuthorityHGNC:7565	Mapping file id4617 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMYF6	AuthorityHGNC:7566	Mapping file id4618 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMYOD1	AuthorityHGNC:7611	Mapping file id4654 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMYOG	AuthorityHGNC:7612	Mapping file id4656 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneNEO1	AuthorityHGNC:7754	Mapping file id4756 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneNTN3	AuthorityHGNC:8030	Mapping file id4917 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneSPAG9	AuthorityHGNC:14524	Mapping file id9043 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneTCF12	AuthorityHGNC:11623	Mapping file id6938 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneTCF3	AuthorityHGNC:11633	Mapping file id6929 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneTCF4	AuthorityHGNC:11634	Mapping file id6925 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS

Evidence codes on this page: IEA, TAS, as the mapping file writes them; a row carrying two was written twice by the file, once under each. The mapping file id says which file placed the gene: an NCBI Gene id from NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt, an Ensembl gene id from Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt. The two files can disagree about a code, so a row's codes are the one file's view. Measured by this site's build over this release on 2026-09-09: of the 138,908 human pathway-gene pairs both files place, 207 (0.149 per cent, over 47 genes) carry TAS in the Ensembl file where the NCBI rows carry IEA alone.

Reactome mapping files, the human rows for this pathway · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt" and "Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

03The hierarchy

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Parents

Developmental BiologyR-HSA-12667381,589 genes

Children

None: no pathway of this release's list names this one as a parent.

Reactome's hierarchy is a graph rather than a tree: a pathway can sit under more than one parent, and the gene counts are each pathway's own placements at every level under it, so a parent's count is not the sum of its children's.

Reactome, the human pathway list and hierarchy relationship file · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"ReactomePathways.txt" and "ReactomePathwaysRelation.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.