Pathway Human Homo sapiens

RHO GTPase cycle

R-HSA-9012999 in Reactome release 97: under Signaling by Rho GTPases, with 451 genes placed in it by the mapping files and 19 child pathways in the hierarchy.

The same number in the other species

Reactome writes the mouse and rat events it infers from a human pathway under the human number with the species token. A door opens only where that species' own list in this release holds the id: R-MMU-9012999 (mouse), R-RNO-9012999 (rat). Whether the event was inferred from this one is what the record says.

The record
The genes
Parents and children

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This page reads the pathway's record from its source while you read the rest; with scripts off the card stays at its loading line. Reload with scripts on to see it, or open the source's own page from the link in the card.

01The record

Reactome's own record of this pathway

What this tells you

The pathway list, the hierarchy and the genes on this page are read from the files Reactome publishes for Reactome release 97, built into this site on 2026-09-09: the pathway list, the hierarchy relationship file and the two gene mapping files. The record card is the one live read, Reactome's own record of this pathway.

Reactome's download page describes the mapping files: Mapping files link the source database identifier to the lowest level pathway diagram or subset of the pathway, all levels of the pathway hierarchy or database identifier to all reactions. [R13] The gene list here is the all-levels mapping of NCBI Gene ids, filled from the all-levels mapping of Ensembl ids where the NCBI file has no row for a gene; each row names which file it came from by the shape of its source id. Each row carries the evidence codes the file writes for it, as written and unranked, and both where the file writes both; no page of Reactome's documentation the survey read defines the codes, so this page does not expand them. A gene id the identity files do not name is kept as the source's own id with no door rather than turned into a symbol.

On citing what a search finds, Reactome says: It should be remembered that while we strive to contain the most current and accurate data, Reactome should not be used in citations where other primary sources of information are available. [R12] The record card prints the literature Reactome attaches to a curated pathway for that reason. The data are public domain: All data in the Reactome database and files derived from that data are licensed under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). User may copy, modify, and distribute these data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission. Attribution is encouraged but not required. [R10] The pathway illustrations are licensed apart, under CC BY 4.0, and none is shown here.

A gene on this list is one Reactome places in this pathway in this release, and that is all the row says: it does not say the gene is expressed in a tissue or associated with a disease, which are the other two explorers' questions, read from other sources. Reactome's papers of record are [R01] [R02].

[R01] Ragueneau E, Gong C, Sinquin P, Sevilla C, Beavers D, Grentner A, et al. (2026). The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026. Nucleic Acids Research 54:D673-D681. PMID 41251150, doi 10.1093/nar/gkaf1223.
[R02] Milacic M, Beavers D, Conley P, Gong C, Gillespie M, Griss J, et al. (2024). The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52:D672-D678. PMID 37941124, doi 10.1093/nar/gkad1025.
[R10] Reactome, reactome.org. License Agreement. https://reactome.org/license, read 2026-09-09.
[R12] Reactome, reactome.org. Citing us. https://reactome.org/cite, read 2026-09-09.
[R13] Reactome, reactome.org. Download. https://reactome.org/download-data, read 2026-09-09.

Stable id: R-HSA-9012999.4
Class: Pathway
Species: Homo sapiens (human)
Inferred: no: a curated human pathway
Disease pathway: no
Released: 2007-05-15
Last updated: 2021-09-15
Events inside: 19, counted from the record

RHO family of GTPases is large and diverse, with many of its members considered to be master regulators of actin cytoskeleton. RHO GTPases are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes that depend on dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton, including cell migration, cell adhesion, cell division, establishment of cellular polarity and intracellular transport. As a consequence, RHO GTPases play important roles in neuronal development, immunity and cardio-vascular homeostasis. RHO GTPases are involved in the etiology of infectious diseases, congenital immunodeficiencies, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. For review, please refer to Jaffe and Hall 2005, Lemichez and Aktories 2013, Ridley 2015, Hodge and Ridley 2016, Haga and Ridley 2016, Olson 2018, and Kalpachidou et al. 2019.

Phylogenetically, RHO GTPases can be grouped into four clusters. The first cluster consists of three subfamilies: Rho, RhoD/RhoF and Rnd. The second cluster consists of three subfamilies: Rac, Cdc42 and RhoU/RhoV. The third cluster consists of the RhoH subfamily. The fourth cluster consists of the RhoBTB subfamily. Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3 ATPase are sometimes described as Rho family members, but they are phylogenetically distant from the Rho family and constitute two separate families of Ras-like GTPases, which, besides Rho, Miro and RHOBTB3 also includes Ran, Arf, Rab and Ras families (Boureux et al. 2007). Based on their activation type, RHO GTPases can be divided into classical (typical) and atypical (reviewed by Haga and Ridley 2016, and Kalpachidou et al. 2019). Classical RHO GTPases cycle between active GTP-bound states and inactive GDP-bound states through steps that are tightly controlled by members of three classes of proteins: (1) guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors or GDIs, which maintain Rho proteins in an inactive state in the cytoplasm, (2) guanine nucleotide exchange factors or GEFs, which destabilize the interaction between Rho proteins and their bound nucleotide, the net result of which is the exchange of bound GDP for the more abundant GTP, and (3) GTPase activating proteins or GAPs, which stimulate the low intrinsic GTP hydrolysis activity of Rho family members, thus promoting their inactivation. GDIs, GEFs, and GAPs are themselves subject to tight regulation, and the overall level of Rho activity reflects the balance of their activities. Many of the Rho-specific GEFs, GAPs, and GDIs act on multiple Rho GTPases, so that regulation of these control proteins can have complex effects on the functions of multiple Rho GTPases (reviewed by Van Aelst and D'Souza-Schorey 1997, and Hodge and Ridley 2016). The classical Rho GTPase cycle is diagrammed in the figure below. External or internal cues promote the release of Rho GTPases from the GDI inhibitory complexes, which allows them to associate with the plasma membrane, where they are activated by GEFs (1), and can signal to effector proteins (4). Then, GAPs inactivate the GTPases by accelerating the intrinsic GTPase activity, leading to the GDP bound form (2). Once again, the GDI molecules stabilize the inactive GDP bound form in the cytoplasm, waiting for further instructions (3) (Tcherkezian and Lamarche-Vane, 2007). Classical RHO GTPases include four subfamilies: Rho (includes RHOA, RHOB and RHOC), Rac (includes RAC1, RAC2, RAC3 and RHOG), Cdc42 (includes CDC42, RHOJ and RHOQ) and RhoD/RhoF (includes RHOD and RHOF) (reviewed in Haga and Ridley 2016). RHOA, the founding member of the RHO GTPase family, regulates the actin cytoskeleton, formation of stress fibers and cell contractility, which is implicated in cell adhesion and migration (Lessey et al. 2012). RHOB and RHOC functions resemble RHOA (Vega and Ridley 2018; Guan et al. 2018). RHOB is also involved in membrane trafficking and DNA repair (Vega and Ridley 2018). RAC1 regulates the cytoskeleton and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Acevedo and Gonzalez-Billault 2018), and is involved in cell adhesion and cell migration (Marei and Malliri 2017). RAC2 expression is restricted to hematopoietic cells and RAC2 is a component of the phagocytic oxidase complex in neutrophils (Troeger and Williams 2013). RAC3 shares 92% sequence identity with RAC1 and is highly expressed in neurons (de Curtis 2019). CDC42 regulate the cytoskeleton and cell polarity, and is involved in cell adhesion and migration as well as in intracellular membrane trafficking (Egorov and Polishchuk 2017; Xiao et al. 2018; Pichaud et al. 2019; Woods and Lew 2019). RHOJ is highly expressed in endothelial cells, regulating their motility and vascular morphogenesis (Leszczynska et al. 2011; Shi et al. 2016). RHOQ (also known as TC10) is highly activated on exocytosing vesicles and recycling endosomes (Donnelly et al. 2014) and is involved in trafficking of CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) (Cheng et al. 2005). RHOD regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and intracellular transport of vesicles (Randazzo 2003; Gad and Aspenstrom 2010; Aspenstrom et al. 2014, Aspenstrom et al. 2020). RHOF regulates cytoskeletal dynamics (Gad and Aspenstrom 2010; Aspenstrom et al. 2014, Aspenstrom et al. 2020) and promotes the formation of filopodia and stress fibers (Fan and Mellor 2012). RHOD and RHOF do possess GTPase activity and are therefore grouped with classical RHO GTPases, but they are atypical in the sense that they possess high intrinsic guanine nucleotide exchange activity and do not require GEFs for activation (Aspenstrom et al. 2020).

Atypical RHO GTPases do not possess GTPase activity. They therefore constitutively exist in the active GTP-bound state. Atypical RHO GTPases include three subfamilies: Rnd (includes RND1, RND2 and RND3), RhoBTB (includes RHOBTB1 and RHOBTB2), RhoH (RHOH is the only member) and RhoU/RhoV (includes RHOU and RHOV). RND1 and RND3 can antagonize RHOA activity, leading to loss of stress fibers and cell rounding (Haga and Ridley 2016). RND1, RND2 and RND3 regulate cell migration (Ridley 2015; Mouly et al. 2019). RHOBTB1 is a component of a signaling cascade that regulates vascular function and blood pressure (Ji and Rivero 2016). RHOBTB2 is involved in COP9 signalosome-regulated and CUL3-dependent protein ubiquitination (Berthold et al. 2008; Ji and Rivero 2016). RHOH expression is restricted to hematopoietic cells, and it is known to be involved in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and T cell development (Suzuki and Oda 2008; Troeger and Williams 2013). RHOU and RHOV expression is induced by WNT signaling and they are involved in regulation of cell shape and cell adhesion (Faure and Fort 2015; and Hodge and Ridley 2016).

Almost every classical RHO GTPase interacts with multiple GEFs, GAPs and GDIs, and every RHO GTPase activates multiple downstream effectors. There are 82 Rho GEFs (71 Dbl, reviewed in Fort and Blangy 2017, and 11 DOCK, reviewed in Meller et al. 2005), 66 Rho GAPs (Amin et al. 2016) and 3 Rho GDIs (Dransart et al. 2005) encoded by the human genome. To keep our reaction annotations compact, we have grouped the GEF, GAP, GDI and effector proteins associated with each RHO GTPase into sets. Within a set, we have distinguished full set members from candidate members on the basis of the amount of experimental evidence supporting the member’s molecular function. Note that members of a set can otherwise be functionally quite diverse. Annotation of upstream activators of GEFs, GAPs and GDIs was outside the scope of this catalogue pathway and is or will be shown elsewhere in Reactome. Signaling through downstream effectors is shown in more detail in the Reactome pathway “RHO GTPase Effectors”.

Literature Reactome attaches

Rho GTPases and signaling networksGenes Dev, 1997, vol. 11, p. 2295-322PubMed 9308960
Current knowledge of the large RhoGAP family of proteinsBiol Cell, 2007, vol. 99, p. 67-86PubMed 17222083
Rho GTPases: biochemistry and biologyAnnu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 2005, vol. 21, p. 247-69PubMed 16212495
Hijacking of Rho GTPases during bacterial infectionExp. Cell Res., 2013, vol. 319, p. 2329-36PubMed 23648569
Rho GTPase signalling in cell migrationCurr. Opin. Cell Biol., 2015, vol. 36, p. 103-12PubMed 26363959
Regulating Rho GTPases and their regulatorsNat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2016, vol. 17, p. 496-510PubMed 27301673
Rho GTPases: Regulation and roles in cancer cell biologySmall GTPases, 2016, vol. 7, p. 207-221PubMed 27628050

Reactome's record lists 13 orthologous events, R-RNO-9012999 (Rattus norvegicus), R-MMU-9012999 (Mus musculus) among the species this site serves, and 11 in species this site opens no page for.

Reactome ContentService, this pathway's record · Reactome v97 · read 2026-10-02 ET · Reactome pathway browser"RHO GTPase cycle". Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-9012999 with StableID: R-HSA-9012999.4 (accessed 2026-10-02 ET). Reactome version 97 (CC0).

Reading this pathway's record from Reactome (the pathway record).Still reading. A first read of a pathway can take a while; this page waits up to 35 seconds for it, and its scripts then bring in the panel, or a line saying what did not arrive.

02The genes

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

The mapping files place 451 genes in this human pathway; showing 301 to 400, in pages of 100, sorted by symbol for reading. The order carries no ranking.

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway, page 4 of 5
Gene	Authority id	Mapping file id	Evidence codes
GenePKN3	AuthorityHGNC:17999	Mapping file id29941 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePKP4	AuthorityHGNC:9026	Mapping file id8502 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLD1	AuthorityHGNC:9067	Mapping file id5337 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLD2	AuthorityHGNC:9068	Mapping file id5338 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLEKHG1	AuthorityHGNC:20884	Mapping file id57480 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLEKHG2	AuthorityHGNC:29515	Mapping file id64857 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLEKHG3	AuthorityHGNC:20364	Mapping file id26030 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLEKHG4	AuthorityHGNC:24501	Mapping file id25894 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLEKHG4B	AuthorityHGNC:29399	Mapping file id153478 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLEKHG5	AuthorityHGNC:29105	Mapping file id57449 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLEKHG6	AuthorityHGNC:25562	Mapping file id55200 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLXNA1	AuthorityHGNC:9099	Mapping file id5361 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLXNB1	AuthorityHGNC:9103	Mapping file id5364 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePLXND1	AuthorityHGNC:9107	Mapping file id23129 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePOTEE	AuthorityHGNC:33895	Mapping file id445582 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRAG1	AuthorityHGNC:25438	Mapping file id157285 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePREX1	AuthorityHGNC:32594	Mapping file id57580 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePREX2	AuthorityHGNC:22950	Mapping file id80243 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePTK2B	AuthorityHGNC:9612	Mapping file id2185 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePTPN13	AuthorityHGNC:9646	Mapping file id5783 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRAB7A	AuthorityHGNC:9788	Mapping file id7879 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRAC1	AuthorityHGNC:9801	Mapping file id5879 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRAC2	AuthorityHGNC:9802	Mapping file id5880 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRAC3	AuthorityHGNC:9803	Mapping file id5881 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRACGAP1	AuthorityHGNC:9804	Mapping file id29127 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRALBP1	AuthorityHGNC:9841	Mapping file id10928 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRALGAPA1	AuthorityHGNC:17770	Mapping file id253959 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRAPGEF1	AuthorityHGNC:4568	Mapping file id2889 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRASAL2	AuthorityHGNC:9874	Mapping file id9462 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRASGRF2	AuthorityHGNC:9876	Mapping file id5924 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRBBP6	AuthorityHGNC:9889	Mapping file id5930 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRBMX	AuthorityHGNC:9910	Mapping file id27316 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOA	AuthorityHGNC:667	Mapping file id387 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOB	AuthorityHGNC:668	Mapping file id388 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOBTB1	AuthorityHGNC:18738	Mapping file id9886 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOBTB2	AuthorityHGNC:18756	Mapping file id23221 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOC	AuthorityHGNC:669	Mapping file id389 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOD	AuthorityHGNC:670	Mapping file id29984 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOF	AuthorityHGNC:15703	Mapping file id54509 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOG	AuthorityHGNC:672	Mapping file id391 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOH	AuthorityHGNC:686	Mapping file id399 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOJ	AuthorityHGNC:688	Mapping file id57381 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOQ	AuthorityHGNC:17736	Mapping file id23433 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHOU	AuthorityHGNC:17794	Mapping file id58480 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneRHOV	AuthorityHGNC:18313	Mapping file id171177 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHPN1	AuthorityHGNC:19973	Mapping file id114822 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRHPN2	AuthorityHGNC:19974	Mapping file id85415 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRND1	AuthorityHGNC:18314	Mapping file id27289 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRND2	AuthorityHGNC:18315	Mapping file id8153 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRND3	AuthorityHGNC:671	Mapping file id390 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRNF20	AuthorityHGNC:10062	Mapping file id56254 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneROCK1	AuthorityHGNC:10251	Mapping file id6093 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneROCK2	AuthorityHGNC:10252	Mapping file id9475 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRRAS2	AuthorityHGNC:17271	Mapping file id22800 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRTKN	AuthorityHGNC:10466	Mapping file id6242 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSACK1B	AuthorityHGNC:21357	Mapping file id222584 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSAMM50	AuthorityHGNC:24276	Mapping file id25813 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSCFD1	AuthorityHGNC:20726	Mapping file id23256 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSCRIB	AuthorityHGNC:30377	Mapping file id23513 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSEMA4F	AuthorityHGNC:10734	Mapping file id10505 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSENP1	AuthorityHGNC:17927	Mapping file id29843 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSH3BP1	AuthorityHGNC:10824	Mapping file id23616 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSH3PXD2A	AuthorityHGNC:23664	Mapping file id9644 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSH3RF1	AuthorityHGNC:17650	Mapping file id57630 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSHKBP1	AuthorityHGNC:19214	Mapping file id92799 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSHMT2	AuthorityHGNC:10852	Mapping file id6472 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSLC1A5	AuthorityHGNC:10943	Mapping file id6510 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSLC4A7	AuthorityHGNC:11033	Mapping file id9497 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSLITRK3	AuthorityHGNC:23501	Mapping file id22865 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSLITRK5	AuthorityHGNC:20295	Mapping file id26050 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSLK	AuthorityHGNC:11088	Mapping file id9748 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNAP23	AuthorityHGNC:11131	Mapping file id8773 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSOS1	AuthorityHGNC:11187	Mapping file id6654 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSOS2	AuthorityHGNC:11188	Mapping file id6655 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSOWAHC	AuthorityHGNC:26149	Mapping file id65124 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSPATA13	AuthorityHGNC:23222	Mapping file id221178 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSPEN	AuthorityHGNC:17575	Mapping file id23013 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSPTAN1	AuthorityHGNC:11273	Mapping file id6709 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSPTBN1	AuthorityHGNC:11275	Mapping file id6711 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSRC	AuthorityHGNC:11283	Mapping file id6714 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneSRGAP1	AuthorityHGNC:17382	Mapping file id57522 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSRGAP2	AuthorityHGNC:19751	Mapping file id23380 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSRGAP3	AuthorityHGNC:19744	Mapping file id9901 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSRRM1	AuthorityHGNC:16638	Mapping file id10250 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTAM	AuthorityHGNC:11357	Mapping file id8027 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTAM2	AuthorityHGNC:11358	Mapping file id10254 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTARD13	AuthorityHGNC:19164	Mapping file id90627 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTARD8	AuthorityHGNC:19161	Mapping file id9754 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTBD1	AuthorityHGNC:24854	Mapping file id8987 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTEAP3	AuthorityHGNC:24592	Mapping file id55240 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTIP1	AuthorityHGNC:11387	Mapping file id10963 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTK10	AuthorityHGNC:11388	Mapping file id6793 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTK38	AuthorityHGNC:17847	Mapping file id11329 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTMN2	AuthorityHGNC:10577	Mapping file id11075 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTOM	AuthorityHGNC:3383	Mapping file id2040 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSTX5	AuthorityHGNC:11440	Mapping file id6811 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSWAP70	AuthorityHGNC:17070	Mapping file id23075 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSYDE1	AuthorityHGNC:25824	Mapping file id85360 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSYDE2	AuthorityHGNC:25841	Mapping file id84144 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneTAGAP	AuthorityHGNC:15669	Mapping file id117289 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS

Evidence codes on this page: IEA, TAS, as the mapping file writes them; a row carrying two was written twice by the file, once under each. The mapping file id says which file placed the gene: an NCBI Gene id from NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt, an Ensembl gene id from Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt. The two files can disagree about a code, so a row's codes are the one file's view. Measured by this site's build over this release on 2026-09-09: of the 138,908 human pathway-gene pairs both files place, 207 (0.149 per cent, over 47 genes) carry TAS in the Ensembl file where the NCBI rows carry IEA alone.

Reactome mapping files, the human rows for this pathway · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt" and "Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

03The hierarchy

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Reactome's hierarchy is a graph rather than a tree: a pathway can sit under more than one parent, and the gene counts are each pathway's own placements at every level under it, so a parent's count is not the sum of its children's.

Reactome, the human pathway list and hierarchy relationship file · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"ReactomePathways.txt" and "ReactomePathwaysRelation.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

RHO GTPase cycle

Reactome's own record of this pathway

Literature Reactome attaches

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Parents

Children

Literature Reactome attaches