Pathway Human Homo sapiens

ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers

R-HSA-9932444 in Reactome release 97: under Chromatin organization, with 195 genes placed in it by the mapping files and 2 child pathways in the hierarchy.

The same number in the other species

Reactome writes the mouse and rat events it infers from a human pathway under the human number with the species token. A door opens only where that species' own list in this release holds the id: R-MMU-9932444 (mouse), R-RNO-9932444 (rat). Whether the event was inferred from this one is what the record says.

The record
The genes
Parents and children

Scripts are off

This page reads the pathway's record from its source while you read the rest; with scripts off the card stays at its loading line. Reload with scripts on to see it, or open the source's own page from the link in the card.

01The record

Reactome's own record of this pathway

What this tells you

The pathway list, the hierarchy and the genes on this page are read from the files Reactome publishes for Reactome release 97, built into this site on 2026-09-09: the pathway list, the hierarchy relationship file and the two gene mapping files. The record card is the one live read, Reactome's own record of this pathway.

Reactome's download page describes the mapping files: Mapping files link the source database identifier to the lowest level pathway diagram or subset of the pathway, all levels of the pathway hierarchy or database identifier to all reactions. [R13] The gene list here is the all-levels mapping of NCBI Gene ids, filled from the all-levels mapping of Ensembl ids where the NCBI file has no row for a gene; each row names which file it came from by the shape of its source id. Each row carries the evidence codes the file writes for it, as written and unranked, and both where the file writes both; no page of Reactome's documentation the survey read defines the codes, so this page does not expand them. A gene id the identity files do not name is kept as the source's own id with no door rather than turned into a symbol.

On citing what a search finds, Reactome says: It should be remembered that while we strive to contain the most current and accurate data, Reactome should not be used in citations where other primary sources of information are available. [R12] The record card prints the literature Reactome attaches to a curated pathway for that reason. The data are public domain: All data in the Reactome database and files derived from that data are licensed under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). User may copy, modify, and distribute these data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission. Attribution is encouraged but not required. [R10] The pathway illustrations are licensed apart, under CC BY 4.0, and none is shown here.

A gene on this list is one Reactome places in this pathway in this release, and that is all the row says: it does not say the gene is expressed in a tissue or associated with a disease, which are the other two explorers' questions, read from other sources. Reactome's papers of record are [R01] [R02].

[R01] Ragueneau E, Gong C, Sinquin P, Sevilla C, Beavers D, Grentner A, et al. (2026). The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026. Nucleic Acids Research 54:D673-D681. PMID 41251150, doi 10.1093/nar/gkaf1223.
[R02] Milacic M, Beavers D, Conley P, Gong C, Gillespie M, Griss J, et al. (2024). The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52:D672-D678. PMID 37941124, doi 10.1093/nar/gkad1025.
[R10] Reactome, reactome.org. License Agreement. https://reactome.org/license, read 2026-09-09.
[R12] Reactome, reactome.org. Citing us. https://reactome.org/cite, read 2026-09-09.
[R13] Reactome, reactome.org. Download. https://reactome.org/download-data, read 2026-09-09.

Stable id: R-HSA-9932444.3
Class: Pathway
Species: Homo sapiens (human)
Inferred: no: a curated human pathway
Disease pathway: no
Released: 2025-03-26
Events inside: 2, counted from the record

ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to organize or rearrange nucleosomes by altering histone-DNA contacts (reviewed in de la Serna et al, 2006; Hargreaves and Crabtree, 2011; Narlikar et al, 2013; Clapier et al, 2017; Eustermann et al, 2024). There are four main classes of mammalian ATP-dependent chromatin remodellers: SWI/SNF (for switch/sucrose non-fermenting, initially characterized in S. cerevisiae); ISWI (imitation switch), chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) and INO80 (inositol requiring mutant 80). Each of these complexes is characterized by a SWI2/SNF2-family ATPase domain that contributes the catalytic function and translocates the DNA along the histone core of the nucleosome (reviewed in Narlikar et al, 2013; Clapier et al, 2017; Eustermann et al, 2024). The remainder of the 1 - 1.5MDa complexes are made up of accessory proteins that modulate ATPase activity and contribute to target recognition and specificity by interacting with nucleosomes and histone tails (reviewed in Hargreaves and Crabtree, 2011; Narlikar et al, 2013; Clapier et al, 2017; Eustermann et al, 2024).

Human SWI/SNF ATPases bind acetylated nucleosomes through the bromodomains of their two alternative catalytic subunits, SMARCA2 (also known as BRM) or SMARCA4 (BRG1) (Hassan et al, 2002; Singh et al, 2006; Singh et al, 2007; reviewed in Euskirchen et al 2012). Histone and DNA contacts are also mediated by other protein components of the SWI/SNF complex (reviewed in Euskirchen et al, 2012; Cenik and Shilatifard, 2021). SWI/SNF chromatin remodellers are generally involved in gene activation or repression and provide access to chromatin by repositioning or ejecting nucleosomes (reviewed in Eustermann et al, 2024).

Human CHD family ATPases contain one of nine catalytic CHD protein paralogs. DNA-binding is mediated by contacts between methylated histones and the chromodomain of CHD1-9, as well as through other protein constituents of the ATPase complex (Bannister et al, 2001; Lachner et al, 2001; Flanagan et al, 2005; Sims et al, 2005; reviewed in Eustermann et al, 2024). CHD family ATPases are involved in diverse chromatin remodelling activities, including nucleosome assembly and spacing, access to regulatory elements and changes to histone composition (reviewed in Clapier et al, 2017).

Human ISWI family ATPases contain one of two potential catalytic subunits, SMARCA5 (also known as SNF2H) or SMARCA1 (SNF2L), that interact with unmodified histone tails through their SANT domains (Grune et al, 2003; Boyer et al, 2004). ISWI complexes are generally involved in nucleosome maturation and regulation of spacing and assembly, often resulting in repressive gene states, but some are also involved in transcriptional activation (Xiao et al, 2001; reviewed in Clapier et al, 2017; Eustermann et al, 2024).

Reading this pathway's record from Reactome (the pathway record).Still reading. A first read of a pathway can take a while; this page waits up to 35 seconds for it, and its scripts then bring in the panel, or a line saying what did not arrive.

02The genes

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

The mapping files place 195 genes in this human pathway; showing 101 to 195, in pages of 100, sorted by symbol for reading. The order carries no ranking. 4 of the rows shown carry an id the identity file does not name, kept as the source wrote it.

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway, page 2 of 2
Gene	Authority id	Mapping file id	Evidence codes
GeneH4C15	AuthorityHGNC:29607	Mapping file id554313 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneH4C16	AuthorityHGNC:20510	Mapping file id121504 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneH4C2	AuthorityHGNC:4789	Mapping file id8366 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneH4C3	AuthorityHGNC:4787	Mapping file id8364 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneH4C4	AuthorityHGNC:4782	Mapping file id8360 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneH4C5	AuthorityHGNC:4790	Mapping file id8367 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneH4C6	AuthorityHGNC:4783	Mapping file id8361 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneH4C8	AuthorityHGNC:4788	Mapping file id8365 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneH4C9	AuthorityHGNC:4793	Mapping file id8294 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneHDAC1	AuthorityHGNC:4852	Mapping file id3065 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneHDAC2	AuthorityHGNC:4853	Mapping file id3066 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneIGF2	AuthorityHGNC:5466	Mapping file id3481 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneIKZF1	AuthorityHGNC:13176	Mapping file id10320 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneIKZF2	AuthorityHGNC:13177	Mapping file id22807 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneIKZF3	AuthorityHGNC:13178	Mapping file id22806 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneLEO1	AuthorityHGNC:30401	Mapping file id123169 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMAFK	AuthorityHGNC:6782	Mapping file id7975 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMBD2	AuthorityHGNC:6917	Mapping file id8932 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMBD3	AuthorityHGNC:6918	Mapping file id53615 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMBD3L1	AuthorityHGNC:15774	Mapping file id85509 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMBD3L2	AuthorityHGNC:18532	Mapping file id125997 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMTA1	AuthorityHGNC:7410	Mapping file id9112 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMTA2	AuthorityHGNC:7411	Mapping file id9219 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMTA3	AuthorityHGNC:23784	Mapping file id57504 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMYOD1	AuthorityHGNC:7611	Mapping file id4654 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMYOG	AuthorityHGNC:7612	Mapping file id4656 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneNFE2L2	AuthorityHGNC:7782	Mapping file id4780 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneNKD2	AuthorityHGNC:17046	Mapping file id85409 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneNQO1	AuthorityHGNC:2874	Mapping file id1728 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneNR2C2	AuthorityHGNC:7972	Mapping file id7182 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneNR2F2	AuthorityHGNC:7976	Mapping file id7026 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePAF1	AuthorityHGNC:25459	Mapping file id54623 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePBRM1	AuthorityHGNC:30064	Mapping file id55193 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePCK1	AuthorityHGNC:8724	Mapping file id5105 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePHF10	AuthorityHGNC:18250	Mapping file id55274 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePHF5A	AuthorityHGNC:18000	Mapping file id84844 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePHF6	AuthorityHGNC:18145	Mapping file id84295 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePUF60	AuthorityHGNC:17042	Mapping file id22827 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePWWP2A	AuthorityHGNC:29406	Mapping file id114825 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePWWP2B	AuthorityHGNC:25150	Mapping file id170394 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRBBP4	AuthorityHGNC:9887	Mapping file id5928 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRBBP7	AuthorityHGNC:9890	Mapping file id5931 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRBM17	AuthorityHGNC:16944	Mapping file id84991 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneRTF1	AuthorityHGNC:28996	Mapping file id23168 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSF3A1	AuthorityHGNC:10765	Mapping file id10291 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSF3A2	AuthorityHGNC:10766	Mapping file id8175 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSF3A3	AuthorityHGNC:10767	Mapping file id10946 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSF3B1	AuthorityHGNC:10768	Mapping file id23451 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSF3B2	AuthorityHGNC:10769	Mapping file id10992 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSF3B3	AuthorityHGNC:10770	Mapping file id23450 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSF3B4	AuthorityHGNC:10771	Mapping file id10262 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSF3B5	AuthorityHGNC:21083	Mapping file id83443 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSF3B6	AuthorityHGNC:30096	Mapping file id51639 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSKIC8	AuthorityHGNC:30300	Mapping file id80349 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSMARCA2	AuthorityHGNC:11098	Mapping file id6595 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSMARCA4	AuthorityHGNC:11100	Mapping file id6597 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSMARCB1	AuthorityHGNC:11103	Mapping file id6598 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSMARCC1	AuthorityHGNC:11104	Mapping file id6599 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSMARCC2	AuthorityHGNC:11105	Mapping file id6601 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSMARCD1	AuthorityHGNC:11106	Mapping file id6602 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSMARCD2	AuthorityHGNC:11107	Mapping file id6603 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSMARCD3	AuthorityHGNC:11108	Mapping file id6604 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSMARCE1	AuthorityHGNC:11109	Mapping file id6605 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSMNDC1	AuthorityHGNC:16900	Mapping file id10285 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPA1	AuthorityHGNC:11152	Mapping file id6627 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPB	AuthorityHGNC:11153	Mapping file id6628 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPB2	AuthorityHGNC:11155	Mapping file id6629 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPD1	AuthorityHGNC:11158	Mapping file id6632 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPD2	AuthorityHGNC:11159	Mapping file id6633 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPD3	AuthorityHGNC:11160	Mapping file id6634 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPE	AuthorityHGNC:11161	Mapping file id6635 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPF	AuthorityHGNC:11162	Mapping file id6636 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPG	AuthorityHGNC:11163	Mapping file id6637 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSNRPN	AuthorityHGNC:11164	Mapping file id6638 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSS18	AuthorityHGNC:11340	Mapping file id6760 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSS18L1	AuthorityHGNC:15592	Mapping file id26039 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneSSRP1	AuthorityHGNC:11327	Mapping file id6749 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSUMO1	AuthorityHGNC:12502	Mapping file id7341 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneSUPT16H	AuthorityHGNC:11465	Mapping file id11198 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneTCF12	AuthorityHGNC:11623	Mapping file id6938 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneTCF19	AuthorityHGNC:11629	Mapping file id6941 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneTCF3	AuthorityHGNC:11633	Mapping file id6929 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneTCF4	AuthorityHGNC:11634	Mapping file id6925 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneU2SURP	AuthorityHGNC:30855	Mapping file id23350 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneUBE2I	AuthorityHGNC:12485	Mapping file id7329 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneWDR5	AuthorityHGNC:12757	Mapping file id11091 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZMYND8	AuthorityHGNC:9397	Mapping file id23613 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZNF532	AuthorityHGNC:30940	Mapping file id55205 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZNF592	AuthorityHGNC:28986	Mapping file id9640 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZNF687	AuthorityHGNC:29277	Mapping file id57592 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZNF827	AuthorityHGNC:27193	Mapping file id152485 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id956531 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id956534 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id956535 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id956536 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS

Evidence codes on this page: IEA, TAS, as the mapping file writes them; a row carrying two was written twice by the file, once under each. The mapping file id says which file placed the gene: an NCBI Gene id from NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt, an Ensembl gene id from Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt. The two files can disagree about a code, so a row's codes are the one file's view. Measured by this site's build over this release on 2026-09-09: of the 138,908 human pathway-gene pairs both files place, 207 (0.149 per cent, over 47 genes) carry TAS in the Ensembl file where the NCBI rows carry IEA alone.

Reactome mapping files, the human rows for this pathway · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt" and "Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

03The hierarchy

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Parents

Chromatin organizationR-HSA-4839726380 genes

Children

Reactome's hierarchy is a graph rather than a tree: a pathway can sit under more than one parent, and the gene counts are each pathway's own placements at every level under it, so a parent's count is not the sum of its children's.

Reactome, the human pathway list and hierarchy relationship file · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"ReactomePathways.txt" and "ReactomePathwaysRelation.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.