Pathway Human Homo sapiens

Translation

R-HSA-72766 in Reactome release 97: under Metabolism of proteins, with 368 genes placed in it by the mapping files and 7 child pathways in the hierarchy.

The same number in the other species

Reactome writes the mouse and rat events it infers from a human pathway under the human number with the species token. A door opens only where that species' own list in this release holds the id: R-MMU-72766 (mouse), R-RNO-72766 (rat). Whether the event was inferred from this one is what the record says.

The record
The genes
Parents and children

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This page reads the pathway's record from its source while you read the rest; with scripts off the card stays at its loading line. Reload with scripts on to see it, or open the source's own page from the link in the card.

01The record

Reactome's own record of this pathway

What this tells you

The pathway list, the hierarchy and the genes on this page are read from the files Reactome publishes for Reactome release 97, built into this site on 2026-09-09: the pathway list, the hierarchy relationship file and the two gene mapping files. The record card is the one live read, Reactome's own record of this pathway.

Reactome's download page describes the mapping files: Mapping files link the source database identifier to the lowest level pathway diagram or subset of the pathway, all levels of the pathway hierarchy or database identifier to all reactions. [R13] The gene list here is the all-levels mapping of NCBI Gene ids, filled from the all-levels mapping of Ensembl ids where the NCBI file has no row for a gene; each row names which file it came from by the shape of its source id. Each row carries the evidence codes the file writes for it, as written and unranked, and both where the file writes both; no page of Reactome's documentation the survey read defines the codes, so this page does not expand them. A gene id the identity files do not name is kept as the source's own id with no door rather than turned into a symbol.

On citing what a search finds, Reactome says: It should be remembered that while we strive to contain the most current and accurate data, Reactome should not be used in citations where other primary sources of information are available. [R12] The record card prints the literature Reactome attaches to a curated pathway for that reason. The data are public domain: All data in the Reactome database and files derived from that data are licensed under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). User may copy, modify, and distribute these data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission. Attribution is encouraged but not required. [R10] The pathway illustrations are licensed apart, under CC BY 4.0, and none is shown here.

A gene on this list is one Reactome places in this pathway in this release, and that is all the row says: it does not say the gene is expressed in a tissue or associated with a disease, which are the other two explorers' questions, read from other sources. Reactome's papers of record are [R01] [R02].

[R01] Ragueneau E, Gong C, Sinquin P, Sevilla C, Beavers D, Grentner A, et al. (2026). The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026. Nucleic Acids Research 54:D673-D681. PMID 41251150, doi 10.1093/nar/gkaf1223.
[R02] Milacic M, Beavers D, Conley P, Gong C, Gillespie M, Griss J, et al. (2024). The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52:D672-D678. PMID 37941124, doi 10.1093/nar/gkad1025.
[R10] Reactome, reactome.org. License Agreement. https://reactome.org/license, read 2026-09-09.
[R12] Reactome, reactome.org. Citing us. https://reactome.org/cite, read 2026-09-09.
[R13] Reactome, reactome.org. Download. https://reactome.org/download-data, read 2026-09-09.

Stable id: R-HSA-72766.7
Class: Pathway
Species: Homo sapiens (human)
Inferred: no: a curated human pathway
Disease pathway: no
Released: 2005-04-11
Last updated: 2018-03-26
Events inside: 7, counted from the record

Protein synthesis is accomplished through the process of translation of an mRNA sequence into a polypeptide chain. This process can be divided into three distinct stages: initiation, elongation and termination. During the initiation phase, the two subunits of the ribosome are brought together to the translation start site on the mRNA where the polypeptide chain is to begin. Extension of the polypeptide chain occurs when a specific aminoacyl-tRNA, as determined by the template mRNA, binds an elongating ribosome. The protein chain is released from the ribosome when any one of three stop codons in the relevant reading frame on the mRNA is reached. Individual reactions at each one of these stages are catalyzed by a number of initiation, elongation and release factors, respectively.

Proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contain a short sequence of hydrophobic amino acid residues (approximately 20 residues) at their N-termini. Upon protrusion of the signal sequence from the translating ribosome, the signal sequence is bound by the cytosolic signal recognition particle (SRP), translation is temporarily halted, and the SRP:nascent peptide:ribosome complex then docks with a SRP receptor complex on the ER membrane. There the nascent peptide:ribosome complex is transferred from the SRP complex to a translocon complex embedded in the ER membrane and reoriented so that the nascent polypeptide protrudes through a pore in the translocon into the ER lumen. Translation now resumes, the signal peptide is cleaved from the polypeptide by signal peptidase as the signal peptide emerges into the ER, and elongation proceeds with the growing polypeptide oriented into the ER lumen.

The 13 proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome are translated within the mitochondrion by mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) at the matrix face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial translation reflects both the bacterial origin of the organelle and subsequent divergent evolution during symbiosis. Mitoribosomes have shorter rRNAs, mitochondria-specific proteins, and rearranged protein positions. Mitochondrial mRNAs have either no untranslated leaders or very short untranslated leaders of 1-3 nucleotides. Translation begins with N-formylmethionine, as in bacteria, and continues with cycles of aminoacyl-tRNA:TUFM:GTP binding, GTP hydrolysis and dissociation of TUFM:GDP. All 13 proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome are hydrophobic inner membrane proteins which are inserted cotranslationally into the membrane by an interaction with OXA1L. Translation is terminated when MTRF1L:GTP recognizes a UAA or UAG codon at the A-site of the mitoribosome. The translated polypeptide is released and MRRF and GFM2:GTP act to dissociate the 55S ribosome into 28S and 39S subunits.

Reading this pathway's record from Reactome (the pathway record).Still reading. A first read of a pathway can take a while; this page waits up to 35 seconds for it, and its scripts then bring in the panel, or a line saying what did not arrive.

02The genes

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

The mapping files place 368 genes in this human pathway; showing 101 to 200, in pages of 100, sorted by symbol for reading. The order carries no ranking.

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway, page 2 of 4
Gene	Authority id	Mapping file id	Evidence codes
GeneMRPL20	AuthorityHGNC:14478	Mapping file id55052 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL21	AuthorityHGNC:14479	Mapping file id219927 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL22	AuthorityHGNC:14480	Mapping file id29093 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL23	AuthorityHGNC:10322	Mapping file id6150 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL24	AuthorityHGNC:14037	Mapping file id79590 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL27	AuthorityHGNC:14483	Mapping file id51264 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL28	AuthorityHGNC:14484	Mapping file id10573 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL3	AuthorityHGNC:10379	Mapping file id11222 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL30	AuthorityHGNC:14036	Mapping file id51263 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL32	AuthorityHGNC:14035	Mapping file id64983 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL33	AuthorityHGNC:14487	Mapping file id9553 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL34	AuthorityHGNC:14488	Mapping file id64981 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL35	AuthorityHGNC:14489	Mapping file id51318 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL36	AuthorityHGNC:14490	Mapping file id64979 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL37	AuthorityHGNC:14034	Mapping file id51253 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL38	AuthorityHGNC:14033	Mapping file id64978 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL39	AuthorityHGNC:14027	Mapping file id54148 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL4	AuthorityHGNC:14276	Mapping file id51073 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL40	AuthorityHGNC:14491	Mapping file id64976 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL41	AuthorityHGNC:14492	Mapping file id64975 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL42	AuthorityHGNC:14493	Mapping file id28977 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL43	AuthorityHGNC:14517	Mapping file id84545 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL44	AuthorityHGNC:16650	Mapping file id65080 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL46	AuthorityHGNC:1192	Mapping file id26589 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL47	AuthorityHGNC:16652	Mapping file id57129 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL48	AuthorityHGNC:16653	Mapping file id51642 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL49	AuthorityHGNC:1176	Mapping file id740 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL50	AuthorityHGNC:16654	Mapping file id54534 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL51	AuthorityHGNC:14044	Mapping file id51258 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL52	AuthorityHGNC:16655	Mapping file id122704 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL53	AuthorityHGNC:16684	Mapping file id116540 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL54	AuthorityHGNC:16685	Mapping file id116541 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL55	AuthorityHGNC:16686	Mapping file id128308 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL57	AuthorityHGNC:14514	Mapping file id78988 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL58	AuthorityHGNC:5359	Mapping file id3396 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPL9	AuthorityHGNC:14277	Mapping file id65005 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS10	AuthorityHGNC:14502	Mapping file id55173 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS11	AuthorityHGNC:14050	Mapping file id64963 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS12	AuthorityHGNC:10380	Mapping file id6183 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS14	AuthorityHGNC:14049	Mapping file id63931 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS15	AuthorityHGNC:14504	Mapping file id64960 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS16	AuthorityHGNC:14048	Mapping file id51021 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS17	AuthorityHGNC:14047	Mapping file id51373 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS18A	AuthorityHGNC:14515	Mapping file id55168 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS18B	AuthorityHGNC:14516	Mapping file id28973 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS18C	AuthorityHGNC:16633	Mapping file id51023 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS2	AuthorityHGNC:14495	Mapping file id51116 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS21	AuthorityHGNC:14046	Mapping file id54460 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS22	AuthorityHGNC:14508	Mapping file id56945 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS23	AuthorityHGNC:14509	Mapping file id51649 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS24	AuthorityHGNC:14510	Mapping file id64951 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS25	AuthorityHGNC:14511	Mapping file id64432 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS26	AuthorityHGNC:14045	Mapping file id64949 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS27	AuthorityHGNC:14512	Mapping file id23107 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS28	AuthorityHGNC:14513	Mapping file id28957 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS30	AuthorityHGNC:8769	Mapping file id10884 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS31	AuthorityHGNC:16632	Mapping file id10240 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS33	AuthorityHGNC:16634	Mapping file id51650 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS34	AuthorityHGNC:16618	Mapping file id65993 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS35	AuthorityHGNC:16635	Mapping file id60488 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS5	AuthorityHGNC:14498	Mapping file id64969 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS6	AuthorityHGNC:14051	Mapping file id64968 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS7	AuthorityHGNC:14499	Mapping file id51081 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRPS9	AuthorityHGNC:14501	Mapping file id64965 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMRRF	AuthorityHGNC:7234	Mapping file id92399 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-ATP6	AuthorityHGNC:7414	Mapping file id4508 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-ATP8	AuthorityHGNC:7415	Mapping file id4509 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-CO1	AuthorityHGNC:7419	Mapping file id4512 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-CO2	AuthorityHGNC:7421	Mapping file id4513 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-CO3	AuthorityHGNC:7422	Mapping file id4514 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-CYB	AuthorityHGNC:7427	Mapping file id4519 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-ND1	AuthorityHGNC:7455	Mapping file id4535 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-ND2	AuthorityHGNC:7456	Mapping file id4536 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-ND3	AuthorityHGNC:7458	Mapping file id4537 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-ND4	AuthorityHGNC:7459	Mapping file id4538 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-ND4L	AuthorityHGNC:7460	Mapping file id4539 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-ND5	AuthorityHGNC:7461	Mapping file id4540 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-ND6	AuthorityHGNC:7462	Mapping file id4541 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMT-RNR1	AuthorityHGNC:7470	Mapping file idENSG00000211459 Ensembl file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMT-RNR2	AuthorityHGNC:7471	Mapping file idENSG00000210082 Ensembl file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneMTFMT	AuthorityHGNC:29666	Mapping file id123263 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneMTIF2	AuthorityHGNC:7441	Mapping file id4528 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneMTIF3	AuthorityHGNC:29788	Mapping file id219402 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneMTRES1	AuthorityHGNC:17971	Mapping file id51250 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMTRF1	AuthorityHGNC:7469	Mapping file id9617 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMTRF1L	AuthorityHGNC:21051	Mapping file id54516 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneMTRFR	AuthorityHGNC:26784	Mapping file id91574 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneNARS1	AuthorityHGNC:7643	Mapping file id4677 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneNARS2	AuthorityHGNC:26274	Mapping file id79731 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GeneNDUFAB1	AuthorityHGNC:7694	Mapping file id4706 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneNEMF	AuthorityHGNC:10663	Mapping file id9147 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneNPLOC4	AuthorityHGNC:18261	Mapping file id55666 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneOXA1L	AuthorityHGNC:8526	Mapping file id5018 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePABPC1	AuthorityHGNC:8554	Mapping file id26986 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePARS2	AuthorityHGNC:30563	Mapping file id25973 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GenePELO	AuthorityHGNC:8829	Mapping file id53918 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePPA1	AuthorityHGNC:9226	Mapping file id5464 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePPA2	AuthorityHGNC:28883	Mapping file id27068 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePSMA1	AuthorityHGNC:9530	Mapping file id5682 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMA2	AuthorityHGNC:9531	Mapping file id5683 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS

Evidence codes on this page: IEA, TAS, as the mapping file writes them; a row carrying two was written twice by the file, once under each. The mapping file id says which file placed the gene: an NCBI Gene id from NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt, an Ensembl gene id from Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt. The two files can disagree about a code, so a row's codes are the one file's view. Measured by this site's build over this release on 2026-09-09: of the 138,908 human pathway-gene pairs both files place, 207 (0.149 per cent, over 47 genes) carry TAS in the Ensembl file where the NCBI rows carry IEA alone.

Reactome mapping files, the human rows for this pathway · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt" and "Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

03The hierarchy

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Parents

Metabolism of proteinsR-HSA-3924992,148 genes

Children

Reactome's hierarchy is a graph rather than a tree: a pathway can sit under more than one parent, and the gene counts are each pathway's own placements at every level under it, so a parent's count is not the sum of its children's.

Reactome, the human pathway list and hierarchy relationship file · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"ReactomePathways.txt" and "ReactomePathwaysRelation.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.