Pathway Human Homo sapiens

Viral Infection Pathways

R-HSA-9824446 in Reactome release 97: under Infectious disease, with 1,279 genes placed in it by the mapping files and 6 child pathways in the hierarchy.

The same number in the other species

Reactome writes the mouse and rat events it infers from a human pathway under the human number with the species token. A door opens only where that species' own list in this release holds the id; neither of the other two lists holds it. Whether the event was inferred from this one is what the record says.

The record
The genes
Parents and children

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This page reads the pathway's record from its source while you read the rest; with scripts off the card stays at its loading line. Reload with scripts on to see it, or open the source's own page from the link in the card.

01The record

Reactome's own record of this pathway

What this tells you

The pathway list, the hierarchy and the genes on this page are read from the files Reactome publishes for Reactome release 97, built into this site on 2026-09-09: the pathway list, the hierarchy relationship file and the two gene mapping files. The record card is the one live read, Reactome's own record of this pathway.

Reactome's download page describes the mapping files: Mapping files link the source database identifier to the lowest level pathway diagram or subset of the pathway, all levels of the pathway hierarchy or database identifier to all reactions. [R13] The gene list here is the all-levels mapping of NCBI Gene ids, filled from the all-levels mapping of Ensembl ids where the NCBI file has no row for a gene; each row names which file it came from by the shape of its source id. Each row carries the evidence codes the file writes for it, as written and unranked, and both where the file writes both; no page of Reactome's documentation the survey read defines the codes, so this page does not expand them. A gene id the identity files do not name is kept as the source's own id with no door rather than turned into a symbol.

On citing what a search finds, Reactome says: It should be remembered that while we strive to contain the most current and accurate data, Reactome should not be used in citations where other primary sources of information are available. [R12] The record card prints the literature Reactome attaches to a curated pathway for that reason. The data are public domain: All data in the Reactome database and files derived from that data are licensed under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). User may copy, modify, and distribute these data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission. Attribution is encouraged but not required. [R10] The pathway illustrations are licensed apart, under CC BY 4.0, and none is shown here.

A gene on this list is one Reactome places in this pathway in this release, and that is all the row says: it does not say the gene is expressed in a tissue or associated with a disease, which are the other two explorers' questions, read from other sources. Reactome's papers of record are [R01] [R02].

[R01] Ragueneau E, Gong C, Sinquin P, Sevilla C, Beavers D, Grentner A, et al. (2026). The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026. Nucleic Acids Research 54:D673-D681. PMID 41251150, doi 10.1093/nar/gkaf1223.
[R02] Milacic M, Beavers D, Conley P, Gong C, Gillespie M, Griss J, et al. (2024). The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52:D672-D678. PMID 37941124, doi 10.1093/nar/gkad1025.
[R10] Reactome, reactome.org. License Agreement. https://reactome.org/license, read 2026-09-09.
[R12] Reactome, reactome.org. Citing us. https://reactome.org/cite, read 2026-09-09.
[R13] Reactome, reactome.org. Download. https://reactome.org/download-data, read 2026-09-09.

Stable id: R-HSA-9824446.5
Class: Pathway
Species: Homo sapiens (human)
Inferred: no: a curated human pathway
Disease pathway: yes, as Reactome flags it
Released: 2023-03-29
Events inside: 6, counted from the record

Viral infection pathways aim to capture molecular mechanisms of human viral diseases related to viral adhesion and penetration of human host cells, viral genome replication and synthesis of viral proteins, interaction of viral proteins with the proteins of the human host, and evasion of the host's immune defense.

Viral infection pathways currently include the life cycles of SARS-CoV viruses, influenza virus, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV).

Newly discovered coronaviruses SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). These viruses belong to the family Coronaviridae, characterized by the presence of lipid envelope and genome in the form of single-stranded, linear, nonsegmented, positive-sense RNA.

Influenza viruses, the causative agents of flu, belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae, characterized by the presence of lipid envelope and genome in the form of single-stranded, segmented, negative-sense RNA.

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), the causative agents of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), belong to the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, characterized by the presence of lipid envelope and genome in the form of single-stranded, nonsegmented, linear, diploid, positive-sense RNA that produces a DNA intermediate during viral replication. Namely, retroviral RNA-directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) transcribes genomic RNA into viral DNA that integrates into host cell's DNA as a provirus.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), one of the causative agents of infectious mononucleosis and pneumonia, belongs to the the family of herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), characterized by their large size, presence of lipid envelope, and genome in the form of linear double-stranded DNA that encodes more than a hundred different proteins.

Literature Reactome attaches

Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, Twenty Fifth Edition2010, p. 373-624
Viral and host heterogeneity and their effects on the viral life cycleNat Rev Microbiol, 2021, vol. 19, p. 272-282PubMed 33024309
The human virome: assembly, composition and host interactionsNat Rev Microbiol, 2021, vol. 19, p. 514-527PubMed 33785903
Towards an integrative view of virus phenotypesNat Rev Microbiol, 2022, vol. 20, p. 83-94PubMed 34522049

Reactome ContentService, this pathway's record · Reactome v97 · read 2026-10-06 ET · Reactome pathway browser"Viral Infection Pathways". Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/PathwayBrowser/#/R-HSA-9824446 with StableID: R-HSA-9824446.5 (accessed 2026-10-06 ET). Reactome version 97 (CC0).

Reading this pathway's record from Reactome (the pathway record).Still reading. A first read of a pathway can take a while; this page waits up to 35 seconds for it, and its scripts then bring in the panel, or a line saying what did not arrive.

02The genes

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

The mapping files place 1,279 genes in this human pathway; showing 1,101 to 1,200, in pages of 100, sorted by symbol for reading. The order carries no ranking. 85 of the rows shown carry an id the identity file does not name, kept as the source wrote it.

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway, page 12 of 13
Gene	Authority id	Mapping file id	Evidence codes
GeneYWHAB	AuthorityHGNC:12849	Mapping file id7529 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneYWHAE	AuthorityHGNC:12851	Mapping file id7531 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneYWHAG	AuthorityHGNC:12852	Mapping file id7532 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneYWHAH	AuthorityHGNC:12853	Mapping file id7533 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneYWHAQ	AuthorityHGNC:12854	Mapping file id10971 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneYWHAZ	AuthorityHGNC:12855	Mapping file id7534 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZBP1	AuthorityHGNC:16176	Mapping file id81030 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZCRB1	AuthorityHGNC:29620	Mapping file id85437 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GeneZDHHC11	AuthorityHGNC:19158	Mapping file id79844 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC2	AuthorityHGNC:18469	Mapping file id51201 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC20	AuthorityHGNC:20749	Mapping file id253832 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC3	AuthorityHGNC:18470	Mapping file id51304 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC5	AuthorityHGNC:18472	Mapping file id25921 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC8	AuthorityHGNC:18474	Mapping file id29801 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GeneZDHHC9	AuthorityHGNC:18475	Mapping file id51114 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id13229470 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id13229472 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id13229473 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id1489680 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id155030 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id155348 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id155459 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id155871 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id155908 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id155945 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id155971 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id156110 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077416 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077417 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077419 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077420 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077421 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077422 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077423 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077424 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077425 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077426 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077428 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077429 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077430 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077431 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077432 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077435 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077439 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077441 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077442 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077443 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077444 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077445 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077446 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077447 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077448 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077449 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077450 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077451 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077452 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077454 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077455 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077456 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077457 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077459 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077460 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077462 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077463 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077464 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077465 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077466 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077471 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077472 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077473 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077474 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077475 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077479 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077480 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077481 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077482 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077484 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077485 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077486 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077487 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077489 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077490 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077493 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077494 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077495 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077496 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077497 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077498 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077500 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077501 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077502 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077503 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077504 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077506 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077508 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077509 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077511 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077512 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077513 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
Geneno symbol in the identity file	Authoritynone	Mapping file id3077514 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS

Evidence codes on this page: IEA, TAS, as the mapping file writes them; a row carrying two was written twice by the file, once under each. The mapping file id says which file placed the gene: an NCBI Gene id from NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt, an Ensembl gene id from Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt. The two files can disagree about a code, so a row's codes are the one file's view. Measured by this site's build over this release on 2026-09-09: of the 138,908 human pathway-gene pairs both files place, 207 (0.149 per cent, over 47 genes) carry TAS in the Ensembl file where the NCBI rows carry IEA alone.

Reactome mapping files, the human rows for this pathway · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt" and "Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

03The hierarchy

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Parents

Infectious diseaseR-HSA-56632051,731 genes

Children

Reactome's hierarchy is a graph rather than a tree: a pathway can sit under more than one parent, and the gene counts are each pathway's own placements at every level under it, so a parent's count is not the sum of its children's.

Reactome, the human pathway list and hierarchy relationship file · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"ReactomePathways.txt" and "ReactomePathwaysRelation.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.