Pathway Human Homo sapiens

Signal Transduction

R-HSA-162582 in Reactome release 97: a top-level pathway, with 2,631 genes placed in it by the mapping files and 17 child pathways in the hierarchy.

The same number in the other species

Reactome writes the mouse and rat events it infers from a human pathway under the human number with the species token. A door opens only where that species' own list in this release holds the id: R-MMU-162582 (mouse), R-RNO-162582 (rat). Whether the event was inferred from this one is what the record says.

The record
The genes
Parents and children

Scripts are off

This page reads the pathway's record from its source while you read the rest; with scripts off the card stays at its loading line. Reload with scripts on to see it, or open the source's own page from the link in the card.

01The record

Reactome's own record of this pathway

What this tells you

The pathway list, the hierarchy and the genes on this page are read from the files Reactome publishes for Reactome release 97, built into this site on 2026-09-09: the pathway list, the hierarchy relationship file and the two gene mapping files. The record card is the one live read, Reactome's own record of this pathway.

Reactome's download page describes the mapping files: Mapping files link the source database identifier to the lowest level pathway diagram or subset of the pathway, all levels of the pathway hierarchy or database identifier to all reactions. [R13] The gene list here is the all-levels mapping of NCBI Gene ids, filled from the all-levels mapping of Ensembl ids where the NCBI file has no row for a gene; each row names which file it came from by the shape of its source id. Each row carries the evidence codes the file writes for it, as written and unranked, and both where the file writes both; no page of Reactome's documentation the survey read defines the codes, so this page does not expand them. A gene id the identity files do not name is kept as the source's own id with no door rather than turned into a symbol.

On citing what a search finds, Reactome says: It should be remembered that while we strive to contain the most current and accurate data, Reactome should not be used in citations where other primary sources of information are available. [R12] The record card prints the literature Reactome attaches to a curated pathway for that reason. The data are public domain: All data in the Reactome database and files derived from that data are licensed under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0). User may copy, modify, and distribute these data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission. Attribution is encouraged but not required. [R10] The pathway illustrations are licensed apart, under CC BY 4.0, and none is shown here.

A gene on this list is one Reactome places in this pathway in this release, and that is all the row says: it does not say the gene is expressed in a tissue or associated with a disease, which are the other two explorers' questions, read from other sources. Reactome's papers of record are [R01] [R02].

[R01] Ragueneau E, Gong C, Sinquin P, Sevilla C, Beavers D, Grentner A, et al. (2026). The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026. Nucleic Acids Research 54:D673-D681. PMID 41251150, doi 10.1093/nar/gkaf1223.
[R02] Milacic M, Beavers D, Conley P, Gong C, Gillespie M, Griss J, et al. (2024). The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52:D672-D678. PMID 37941124, doi 10.1093/nar/gkad1025.
[R10] Reactome, reactome.org. License Agreement. https://reactome.org/license, read 2026-09-09.
[R12] Reactome, reactome.org. Citing us. https://reactome.org/cite, read 2026-09-09.
[R13] Reactome, reactome.org. Download. https://reactome.org/download-data, read 2026-09-09.

Stable id: R-HSA-162582.13
Class: TopLevelPathway
Species: Homo sapiens (human)
Inferred: no: a curated human pathway
Disease pathway: no
Released: 2011-09-20
Last updated: 2023-06-07
Events inside: 17, counted from the record
Also named: Signaling Pathways

Signal transduction is a process in which extracellular signals elicit changes in cell state and activity. Transmembrane receptors sense changes in the cellular environment by binding ligands, such as hormones and growth factors, or reacting to other types of stimuli, such as light. Stimulation of transmembrane receptors leads to their conformational change which propagates the signal to the intracellular environment by activating downstream signaling cascades. Depending on the cellular context, this may impact cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. On the organism level, signal transduction regulates overall growth and behavior.

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) transmit extracellular signals by phosphorylating their protein partners on conserved tyrosine residues. Some of the best studied RTKs are EGFR (reviewed in Avraham and Yarden, 2011), FGFR (reviewed in Eswarakumar et al, 2005), insulin receptor (reviewed in Saltiel and Kahn, 2001), NGF (reviewed in Reichardt, 2006), PDGF (reviewed in Andrae et al, 2008) and VEGF (reviewed in Xie et al, 2004). RTKs frequently activate downstream signaling through RAF/MAP kinases (reviewed in McKay and Morrison, 2007 and Wellbrock et al 2004), AKT (reviewed in Manning and Cantley, 2007) and PLC- gamma (reviewed in Patterson et al, 2005), which ultimately results in changes in gene expression and cellular metabolism.

Receptor serine/threonine kinases of the TGF-beta family, such as TGF-beta receptors (reviewed in Kang et al. 2009) and BMP receptors (reviewed in Miyazono et al. 2009), transmit extracellular signals by phosphorylating regulatory SMAD proteins on conserved serine and threonine residues. This leads to formation of complexes of regulatory SMADs and SMAD4, which translocate to the nucleus where they act as transcription factors.

WNT receptors transmit their signal through beta-catenin. In the absence of ligand, beta-catenin is constitutively degraded in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. WNT receptor stimulation releases beta-catenin from the destruction complex, allowing it to translocate to the nucleus where it acts as a transcriptional regulator (reviewed in MacDonald et al, 2009 and Angers and Moon, 2009). WNT receptors were originally classified as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although they are structurally related, GPCRs primarily transmit their signals through G-proteins, which are trimers of alpha, beta and gamma subunits. When a GPCR is activated, it acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, catalyzing GDP to GTP exchange on the G-alpha subunit of the G protein and its dissociation from the gamma-beta heterodimer. The G-alpha subunit regulates the activity of adenylate cyclase, while the gamma-beta heterodimer can activate AKT and PLC signaling (reviewed in Rosenbaum et al. 2009, Oldham and Hamm 2008, Ritter and Hall 2009).

Reading this pathway's record from Reactome (the pathway record).Still reading. A first read of a pathway can take a while; this page waits up to 35 seconds for it, and its scripts then bring in the panel, or a line saying what did not arrive.

02The genes

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway

The mapping files place 2,631 genes in this human pathway; showing 1,801 to 1,900, in pages of 100, sorted by symbol for reading. The order carries no ranking.

Genes Reactome places in this human pathway, page 19 of 27
Gene	Authority id	Mapping file id	Evidence codes
GenePPARD	AuthorityHGNC:9235	Mapping file id5467 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePPARG	AuthorityHGNC:9236	Mapping file id5468 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPBP	AuthorityHGNC:9240	Mapping file id5473 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePPID	AuthorityHGNC:9257	Mapping file id5481 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePPM1A	AuthorityHGNC:9275	Mapping file id5494 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePPP1CA	AuthorityHGNC:9281	Mapping file id5499 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP1CB	AuthorityHGNC:9282	Mapping file id5500 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP1CC	AuthorityHGNC:9283	Mapping file id5501 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP1R12A	AuthorityHGNC:7618	Mapping file id4659 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP1R12B	AuthorityHGNC:7619	Mapping file id4660 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP1R14A	AuthorityHGNC:14871	Mapping file id94274 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePPP1R15A	AuthorityHGNC:14375	Mapping file id23645 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GenePPP1R1B	AuthorityHGNC:9287	Mapping file id84152 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP2CA	AuthorityHGNC:9299	Mapping file id5515 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP2CB	AuthorityHGNC:9300	Mapping file id5516 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP2R1A	AuthorityHGNC:9302	Mapping file id5518 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP2R1B	AuthorityHGNC:9303	Mapping file id5519 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP2R5A	AuthorityHGNC:9309	Mapping file id5525 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP2R5B	AuthorityHGNC:9310	Mapping file id5526 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP2R5C	AuthorityHGNC:9311	Mapping file id5527 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP2R5D	AuthorityHGNC:9312	Mapping file id5528 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP2R5E	AuthorityHGNC:9313	Mapping file id5529 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP3CA	AuthorityHGNC:9314	Mapping file id5530 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP3CB	AuthorityHGNC:9315	Mapping file id5532 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP3CC	AuthorityHGNC:9316	Mapping file id5533 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GenePPP3R1	AuthorityHGNC:9317	Mapping file id5534 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePPP5C	AuthorityHGNC:9322	Mapping file id5536 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePPY	AuthorityHGNC:9327	Mapping file id5539 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRAG1	AuthorityHGNC:25438	Mapping file id157285 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRC1	AuthorityHGNC:9341	Mapping file id9055 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRDM1	AuthorityHGNC:9346	Mapping file id639 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRDM4	AuthorityHGNC:9348	Mapping file id11108 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GenePREX1	AuthorityHGNC:32594	Mapping file id57580 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePREX2	AuthorityHGNC:22950	Mapping file id80243 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRICKLE1	AuthorityHGNC:17019	Mapping file id144165 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKAA1	AuthorityHGNC:9376	Mapping file id5562 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKAA2	AuthorityHGNC:9377	Mapping file id5563 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKAB1	AuthorityHGNC:9378	Mapping file id5564 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKAB2	AuthorityHGNC:9379	Mapping file id5565 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKACA	AuthorityHGNC:9380	Mapping file id5566 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKACB	AuthorityHGNC:9381	Mapping file id5567 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKACG	AuthorityHGNC:9382	Mapping file id5568 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKAG1	AuthorityHGNC:9385	Mapping file id5571 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKAG2	AuthorityHGNC:9386	Mapping file id51422 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKAG3	AuthorityHGNC:9387	Mapping file id53632 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKAR1A	AuthorityHGNC:9388	Mapping file id5573 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKAR1B	AuthorityHGNC:9390	Mapping file id5575 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKAR2A	AuthorityHGNC:9391	Mapping file id5576 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKAR2B	AuthorityHGNC:9392	Mapping file id5577 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKCA	AuthorityHGNC:9393	Mapping file id5578 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKCB	AuthorityHGNC:9395	Mapping file id5579 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKCD	AuthorityHGNC:9399	Mapping file id5580 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKCE	AuthorityHGNC:9401	Mapping file id5581 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKCG	AuthorityHGNC:9402	Mapping file id5582 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKCH	AuthorityHGNC:9403	Mapping file id5583 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKCI	AuthorityHGNC:9404	Mapping file id5584 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRKCQ	AuthorityHGNC:9410	Mapping file id5588 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKCZ	AuthorityHGNC:9412	Mapping file id5590 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKG1	AuthorityHGNC:9414	Mapping file id5592 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GenePRKG2	AuthorityHGNC:9416	Mapping file id5593 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePRKX	AuthorityHGNC:9441	Mapping file id5613 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA
GenePRLH	AuthorityHGNC:17945	Mapping file id51052 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRLHR	AuthorityHGNC:4464	Mapping file id2834 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRMT1	AuthorityHGNC:5187	Mapping file id3276 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePROK1	AuthorityHGNC:18454	Mapping file id84432 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePROK2	AuthorityHGNC:18455	Mapping file id60675 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePROKR1	AuthorityHGNC:4524	Mapping file id10887 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePROKR2	AuthorityHGNC:15836	Mapping file id128674 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePRR5	AuthorityHGNC:31682	Mapping file id55615 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePSAP	AuthorityHGNC:9498	Mapping file id5660 NCBI file	EvidenceTAS
GenePSEN1	AuthorityHGNC:9508	Mapping file id5663 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSEN2	AuthorityHGNC:9509	Mapping file id5664 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSENEN	AuthorityHGNC:30100	Mapping file id55851 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMA1	AuthorityHGNC:9530	Mapping file id5682 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMA2	AuthorityHGNC:9531	Mapping file id5683 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMA3	AuthorityHGNC:9532	Mapping file id5684 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMA4	AuthorityHGNC:9533	Mapping file id5685 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMA5	AuthorityHGNC:9534	Mapping file id5686 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMA6	AuthorityHGNC:9535	Mapping file id5687 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMA7	AuthorityHGNC:9536	Mapping file id5688 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMB1	AuthorityHGNC:9537	Mapping file id5689 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMB2	AuthorityHGNC:9539	Mapping file id5690 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMB3	AuthorityHGNC:9540	Mapping file id5691 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMB4	AuthorityHGNC:9541	Mapping file id5692 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMB5	AuthorityHGNC:9542	Mapping file id5693 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMB6	AuthorityHGNC:9543	Mapping file id5694 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMB7	AuthorityHGNC:9544	Mapping file id5695 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMC1	AuthorityHGNC:9547	Mapping file id5700 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMC2	AuthorityHGNC:9548	Mapping file id5701 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMC3	AuthorityHGNC:9549	Mapping file id5702 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMC4	AuthorityHGNC:9551	Mapping file id5704 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMC5	AuthorityHGNC:9552	Mapping file id5705 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMC6	AuthorityHGNC:9553	Mapping file id5706 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMD1	AuthorityHGNC:9554	Mapping file id5707 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMD11	AuthorityHGNC:9556	Mapping file id5717 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMD12	AuthorityHGNC:9557	Mapping file id5718 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMD13	AuthorityHGNC:9558	Mapping file id5719 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMD14	AuthorityHGNC:16889	Mapping file id10213 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMD2	AuthorityHGNC:9559	Mapping file id5708 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS
GenePSMD3	AuthorityHGNC:9560	Mapping file id5709 NCBI file	EvidenceIEA, TAS

Evidence codes on this page: IEA, TAS, as the mapping file writes them; a row carrying two was written twice by the file, once under each. The mapping file id says which file placed the gene: an NCBI Gene id from NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt, an Ensembl gene id from Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt. The two files can disagree about a code, so a row's codes are the one file's view. Measured by this site's build over this release on 2026-09-09: of the 138,908 human pathway-gene pairs both files place, 207 (0.149 per cent, over 47 genes) carry TAS in the Ensembl file where the NCBI rows carry IEA alone.

Reactome mapping files, the human rows for this pathway · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"NCBI2Reactome_All_Levels.txt" and "Ensembl2Reactome_All_Levels.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.

03The hierarchy

Parents and children in this release's hierarchy

Parents

None: this is a top-level pathway of the release.

Children

Reactome's hierarchy is a graph rather than a tree: a pathway can sit under more than one parent, and the gene counts are each pathway's own placements at every level under it, so a parent's count is not the sum of its children's.

Reactome, the human pathway list and hierarchy relationship file · Reactome release 97 · read 2026-09-09 · Reactome downloads"ReactomePathways.txt" and "ReactomePathwaysRelation.txt", Reactome, release 97, https://reactome.org/download-data/ (date of access 2026-09-09). Data CC0; attribution encouraged.